N. Tinbergen’s research while affiliated with Leiden University and other places

... The study of life histories, which refer to the time course of development, growth, survival and reproduction, can be roughly divided into studies of proximate vs. ultimate causation. Extending early discussion of proximate vs. ultimate causation in the context of animal behaviour by Tinbergen (1963Tinbergen ( , 2005, proximate mechanisms include the genetic, ontogenetic, physiological, ecological and behavioural processes that occur within the lifetime of an individual to produce a life history of a particular form. Physiologists, ecologists and ethologists generally focus on experimental evidence and will often overlook the nuances of adaptive function (i.e., fitness value). ...

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Juvenile‐to‐adult transition invariances in fishes: Perspectives on proximate and ultimate causation

... These taxa are currently considered species groups within the genera Triturus, Lissotriton, Pelophylax and Lithobates (Frost 2019). Mostly because of their ubiquity and availability, these very species have been popular for teaching purposes and for morphological, physiological and behavioural research (e.g., Rusconi 1821;Ecker 1864;Ecker et al. 1899;Donaldson 1908;Tinbergen and Ter Pelkwijk 1938). To illustrate the point, only six taxa (including all four listed above) were instrumental to the seven Nobel Prize winning studies and 12 laureates that made use of amphibian models (Burggren and Warburton 2007). ...

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Evolutionary Biology-A Transdisciplinary Approach

... Townsend et al. (2008) use the phrase " unitary organism " to indicate the individual organism . However, certain jellyfish, for example, the Portuguese Man O " War (Physalia physalis), look like individuals, but consist of differentiated individuals, each with its proper neural network (e.g. Tinbergen 1946). In the operator hierarchy, the latter jellyfish are colonies, not organisms, because each contributing individual has its proper neural network as its highest emergent property, and the colony still lacks a recurrent interaction of the neural interfaces of the individuals. ...

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Explaining the Origin of Life is not Enough for a Definition of Life

... Among behavioral traits, the mean number of two-and fourlegged push-ups was less variable than the number of head bobs or mean movement distance. Push-up displays in iguanians are 'stereotyped' behaviors (Carpenter and Ferguson, 1978) and have a recognizable, repeated, sequential pattern (Pantin, 1950;Tinbergen and Van Iersel, 1947). As stereotyped behaviors, pushup displays would be expected to vary less than movement traits, which can be strongly influenced by environmental conditions (e.g. home range physical characteristics and resource quantity or quality) (e.g. ...

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Lower-level predictors and behavioral correlates of maximal aerobic capacity and sprint speed among individual lizards

... With varying composition of co-occurring species, green chromides face quite a diverse social environment in both fresh and brackish waters. Thus, in this study, we used different stimuli/ releasers (Tinbergen, 1948) to demonstrate social preferences, a fundamental behavior to understand adaptation and survival strategies for a species, exhibited by the green chromides. For preference experiments, we broadly classified the stimuli into speciesbased, body size-based, and group size-based factors and asked the following questions: ...

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Sexually immature green chromides exhibit choice-based decision making in the context of social preferences

... This nesting strategy allows for collective predator defense and repulsion (Wittenberger & Hunt 1985). Collective defense is a more effective deterrent than solitary or paired defensive attacks (Tinbergen 1964, Gilchrist & Gaston 1997, as the cost of physical harm to or energy lost by a predator in a failed attack may outweigh the potential foraging opportunity (Gilchrist et al. 1998, Gilchrist 1999. Despite protection benefits, there are costs of living with many conspecifics. ...

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Hatching success of Common Murres Uria aalge is linked to the number of neighbours and resource availability

... Given that territories allow for the acquisition of resources (Nice 1941), mating, and rearing of young (Brown 1964), and concealment from predators (Tinbergen 1957), the size and shape of an animal's territory can have important implications for animal survival and reproduction. Many migratory songbirds establish territories upon arrival to the breeding grounds and may invest significant time and energy in defending them from conspecific neighbors. ...

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Effects of age, breeding strategy, population density, and number of neighbors on territory size and shape in Passerculus sandwichensis (Savannah Sparrow)

... Eggshell colour and patterns of markings are variable within and between bird species, and several hypotheses have been proposed to account for the function of eggshell pigmentation (Wallace 1889, Lack 1958, Tinbergen et al. 1962, Kilner 2006, Stoddard et al. 2011. The thermoregulation hypothesis, for instance, proposes that eggshell pigments, mainly protoporphyrin and biliverdin, show infra-red reflectance and can protect egg contents from overheating caused by solar radiation, especially during incubation recesses (Bakken et al. 1978, Maurer et al. 2011. ...

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The influence of egg presence and eggshell colour in the attraction of visually‐oriented predators to nests of a tropical forest bird

... A very similar display is used by mostly young animals such as dogs, bears, and seals in the same context (Aldis, 1975;Fagen, 1981;Bekoff and Allen, 1998). It is apparently a ritualized bite (Tinbergen, 1959;Bolwig, 1964)-one of the well-known instances of an initially aggressive signal transformed into a peaceful one by means of ritualization (Tinbergen, 1959;Lorenz, 1966). "The playful nip denotes the bite, but it does not denote what would be denoted by the bite" (Bateson, 2000(Bateson, /1972. ...

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The Mirror of Laughter

... Male sticklebacks develop blue eyes and a yellow to red-hereafter in this paper referred to as "red" or "reddish"-carotenoid-based throat prior to the reproductive period (Rowland, 1994). The red throat elicits territorial aggression during the reproductive period (ter Pelkwijk & Tinbergen, 1937;Rowland, 1994;Tinbergen, 1948) and acts as an attractive signal when females choose among males as mates (Milinski & Bakker, 1990;Rowland, 1994). The eyes of sticklebacks have four cone pigments with visual peak absorption maxima around 360, 445, 530, and 605 nm, which are sensitive at the ultra-violet (UV), short-, middle-, and long-wavelength, respectively (Lythgoe, 1979;Rowe et al., 2004). ...

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Carotenoids‐based reddish pelvic spines in nonreproducing female and male sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) – Signalling social dominance?