N. Saitou's research while affiliated with National Institute of Genetics and other places

... This enormous diversity is driven by the ability of microbes to perform lateral gene transfer across disparate phylogenetic groups (McDonald and Currie, 2017). Moreover, microbial communities are built on high numbers of individuals for each species (Robbins et al., 2016), that can quickly proliferate and have high mutation rates (in the range of 10 ?4 in E. coli) ( Kibota and Lynch, 1996;Boe et al., 2000;Denamur and Matic, 2006) as compared to higher organisms like humans [10 ?8 ] ( Kuroki et al., 2006;Xue et al., 2015). These characteristics increase the diversification of microbes and microbial communities, where individual microbes of the same species could potentially bear different genetic endowments and thus functional characteristics. ...

... Some researchers may use the term to designate a population in a particular or a variety of regions, including Eastern Asia, Southeast Asia or indigenous peoples in North America [12]. For others, it refers only to East Asians, or may be a synonym for the more generic Asian [13,14]. Moreover, the term has, in the past, been used to refer to individuals with Down's syndrome. ...

... These epidemiological studies suggest that the amplicons harbor genes essential for the progression of germ cells to haploid stages and that the copy number of these genes has functional consequences. The sequencing of a Western Chimpanzee (Pan troglodyte verus) Y revealed gross structural differences with the human sequence, specifically in the amplicon regions (Kuroki, et al. 2006). The chimpanzee amplicon region is richer in content, in terms of the number unique families and copy number of members. ...

... The earliest RMS catalogues derive from studies of human TE insertions lacking a chimpanzee ortholog [29][30][31][32]. This approach is useful in identifying TE subfamilies that generated human-specific insertions over the last6 million years. ...

... Some genetic as well as phenotypic traits may have alternative historical structure caused by migration, genetic drift, and hybridization, which makes it difficult to represent population history as a tree. Such population history resulted from complex events requires Dodo (1974) not a simple tree but network for more accurate representation (Bandelt and Dress, 1992;Huson, 1998;Huson and Bryant 2006;Kryukov and Saitou, 2003). In contrast to the standard tree methods such as cluster analysis and neighbor joining method that does not necessarily express interpopulation relationships included in the original distance matrix in an accurate fashion, split decomposition is a transformation-based approach (Huson, 1998;Huson and Bryant, 2005). ...

... First, it is indels but not substitutions that yield the skeletons (or the gap configurations) of the sequence alignments (reviewed, e.g., in [7]), which provide essential inputs to most homology-based analyses in computational biology. And second, some recent comparative genomic analyses have revealed that indels account for more base differences between the genomes of closely related species than substitutions (e.g., [8][9][10][11][12]). These circumstances make it imperative to develop a stochastic model that enables us to reliably calculate the probability of sequence evolution via mutations including insertions and deletions. ...

... Phylogenetic trees have been made using motor proteins like myosin, kinesin, and dynein to figure out how Arthropods are related (Ronitz et al., 2009) another muscle proteins like acting (Mounier & Sparrow, 1993). MRF families have been generally used in phylogenetic studies of dissimilar insect groups (Oota & Saitou, 1999). The great diversity proposes that studying of invertebrate muscle proteins and genes can be tried to resolve phylogenetic relationship and evolution (Hooper & Thuma, 2005: Ohta, 1991. ...

... Evolutionary analysis of nucleotide sequences of this gene for great apes and Old World monkeys (Kominato et al., 1992; Martinko et al., 1993) as well as those for human suggested that this gene is under some kind of positive selection (Saitou and Yamamoto, 1997). Further sequence analyses of this gene for great apes and Old World monkeys confirmed the unique feature of this gene (O'hUigin et al., 1997; Kermarrec et al., 1999; Kitano et al., 2000; Noda et al., 2000; Sumiyama et al., 2000). Lesser apes (gibbons) are also known to be polymorphic at the ABO blood group gene from serological studies (Blancher and Socha, 1997), however, no study was so far conducted at nucleotide sequence level. ...

... It contains 24% b-pleated sheet, 29% a-helix and 26% reverse turns. [13] The B chain consists of 27 amino acid residues, and these amino acid residues are distributed unequally into the neutral and charged portion. [14] Clinical context of fetuin-A Fetuin-A or a2-Heremans-Schmid glycoprotein (AHSG) of plasma is associated with impaired glucose tolerance, fatty liver, metabolic syndrome and an atherogenic lipid profile. ...