N. I. Goreau’s research while affiliated with University of the West Indies and other places

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Publications (4)


On feeding and nutrition in Fungiacava eilatensis (Bivalvia, Mytilidae), a commensal living in fungiid corals
  • Article

August 2009

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85 Reads

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19 Citations

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N. I. Goreau

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C. M. Yonge

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Y. Neumann

The enlarged inhalant siphon of Fungiacava eilatensis opens into the coelenteron of species of fungiid corals with which it lives in commensal association. Material consisting of mucus, zooxanthellae, nematocysts, plankton and inorganic matter, is taken exclusively from the coelenteron. The very mobile foot possibly assists in food collection and in the removal of pseudofaeces; but, with large ctenidia, the bivalve is a typical ciliary feeder. Experiments with labelled zooxanthellae reveal that these are taken into the gut of Fungiacava with subsequent metabolic incorporation of products derived from them. The other prime source of food must be phytoplankton carried in with the feeding currents of the coral, itself carnivorous so that there is no competition for food between commensal and host. The Fungiazooxanthella–Fungiacava association operates as a “Troika” the productivity of which is autoregulated in proportion to the number of bivalves present. The inorganic wastes of the bivalve (as well as those of the coral) are utilized by the zooxanthellae, resultant increase in the algal component becoming available as food to the bivalve. Losses in the cycle are balanced by intake of exogenous food.


On a new commensal mytilid (Mollusca: Bivalva) opening into the coelenteron of Fungia scutaria (Coelenterata)*

August 2009

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33 Reads

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25 Citations

A new genus and species of mytilid (bivalve) molluscs has been discovered living within shallow water fungid corals in the Gulf of Eilat at the northern end of the Red Sea. Specimens referred to the forma gardineri have been found in deeper water fungids in the Maldives. The animals live ventral side uppermost in cavities excavated chemically by the mantle tissues (pallial envelope) which envelop the delicate shell. The long siphons open into the coelenteron where food, consisting probably to a significant extent of symbiotic zooxanthellae discharged from the tissues of the coral, is collected. Feeding and digestive organs are well developed, labial palps are vestigial. The animal is dorsoventrally flattened with both adductors greatly reduced, the anterior one, with the mouth, being displaced posteriorly. The mantle cavity has a unique unpaired extension (accessory mantle cavity) which extends forward, dorsally and then posteriorly. It may assist in the distribution of hydro-static pressure and so in the even application of the pallial envelope against the wall of the cavity. The byssiferous foot is relatively large and active with the pedal ganglia forming the major nerve centres in the body. The evolution of the genus is discussed. It is basically heteromyarian and has evolved along lines totally distinct from those taken by the rock-boring (but also mytilid) Lithophaginae. The life history is unknown but must involve initial penetration of the coral tissues by way of the stomadaeum or coelenteron.



The breakdown of symbiotic zooxanthellae in the sea anemone Phyllactis (=Oulactis) flosculifera (Actiniara)

August 2009

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23 Reads

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23 Citations

The sea anemone Phyllactis (=Oulactis) flosculifera Lesueur (Actiniaria) has developed specialized adaptations of a structural, behavioural and chemical nature, which allow the “farming” of its symbiotic zooxanthellae as well as their breakdown and use as a source of nutrition. The presence of an extension of the upper column, the ruff, increases the exposed surface area, and the pattern of expansion and contraction of ruff and tentacles allows the high standing crop of algal symbionts they contain maximum exposure to illumination. A protein extract from the combined ruff, oral disc and tentacles has a destructive effect in vitro on the zooxanthellae of Phyllactis (52%), Aiptasia (37·5%) and Zoanthus (16%). Intracellular degeneration of zooxanthellae is greatest in the phagocytic cells of the trefoil forming the free end of the upper mesentery, but also occurs in other parts of the mesentery. The algal pellet extruded by Phyllactis consists mostly of debris, testifying to the anemone's ability to break down its zooxanthellae. Aiptasia tagetes Duch. & Mich, shows only a simple phototactic response, has no algal-damaging agent and very few degenerate zooxanthellae in its mesenteries, but it extrudes large numbers of its symbionts in all stages of the life history.

Citations (4)


... Yet others bore and/or nestle in soft rock and coral (e.g. Adula , Botula , Fungiacava , Leiosolenus and Lithophaga ; Yonge, 1955 ;Goreau et al. , 1969 ;Ockelmann & Dinesen, 2009 ), while some have adapted to living on or in sand/sediment ( Modiolus , Lioberus and Arenifodiens ; Morton, 1977 ;Wilson, 2006 ), or by secreting and forming byssal nests ( Amygdalum , Dacrydium , Arcuatula , Crenella and Byssogerdius ;Dall, 1886 : 234-235;Knudsen, 1967 ; MATERIAL AND METHODS ...

Reference:

Tussles with mussels: mytiloidean phylogeny revisited (Bivalvia: Pteriomorphia)
On a new commensal mytilid (Mollusca: Bivalva) opening into the coelenteron of Fungia scutaria (Coelenterata)*
  • Citing Article
  • August 2009

... Specifically, it binds to the menthol-responsive transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8), which confers the sensation of cold (McKemy et al. 2002, Peier et al. 2002, and can interfere with neuronal signaling by altering Ca 2+ levels (Okazawa et al. 2000, Tsuzuki et al. 2004. Interestingly, menthol also has a long history of use as an anesthetic for coral or sea anemone polyps (Duerden 1904, Waugh 1936, McCloskey 1970, Steele and Goreau 1977, Janes 2008 and has been evaluated for its effects on other aquatic organisms such as fish and clams (Norton et al. 1996, Kasai et al. 2014, Sykes and Wilson 2015. Due to its widespread application in agri-food and pharmaceutical products, menthol might enter the marine ecosystem, especially after insufficient treatment of wastewater (Richardson and Bowron 1985, Levine et al. 2006, Aleksandra et al. 2012, although studies are needed to systematically test the impacts of ecologically relevant menthol concentrations on marine life. ...

The breakdown of symbiotic zooxanthellae in the sea anemone Phyllactis (=Oulactis) flosculifera (Actiniara)
  • Citing Article
  • August 2009

... org/ 10. 1007/ s00338-024-02502-y. photosynthates which are the major energy source of giant clams (Goreau et al. 1973;Fisher et al. 1985;Klumpp et al. 1992;Lucas 1994;Ishikura et al. 1999). However, similar with corals (Middlebrook et al. 2010;Putnam et al. 2010;Voolstra et al. 2020), heat stress is known to negatively affect giant clam hosts and their zooxanthellae (Buck et al. 2002;Leggat et al. 2003;Zhou et al. 2019;Brahmi et al. 2021). ...

On the utilization of photosynthetic products from zooxanthellae and of a dissolved amino acid in Tridacna maxima f. elongata (Mollusca: Bivalvia)
  • Citing Article
  • August 2009

... We selected three reef-building coral species from the Gulf of Eilat/Aqaba, Red Sea, due to their known associations with boring organisms and distinct growth forms. These species include: Stylophora pistillata (branching) associated with Leiosolenus lessepsianus (formerly Lithophaga) (Mokady et al., 1991), Astreopora myriophthalma (massive) associated with Leiosolenus simplex (Mokady et al., 1998), Echinopora forskaliana (encrusting) associated with Leiosolenus spp (Goreau et al., 1970). Coral fragments were collected using recreational and technical diving in front of the Interuniversity Institute for Marine Sciences (IUI). A. myriophthalma and E. forskaliana colonies (n=1 fragment per species) were collected at 5m, while S. pistillata samples (n=12 fragments, 1 per colony) was collected at mesophotic depths (45m) due to the high prevalence of L. lessepsianus compared to shallow specimen (unpublished data). ...

On feeding and nutrition in Fungiacava eilatensis (Bivalvia, Mytilidae), a commensal living in fungiid corals
  • Citing Article
  • August 2009