Myroslav Dnistryanskyy’s research while affiliated with Lviv University and other places

The general features of the toponymy of the Ukrainian Carpathians in the context of the diversity of the region and its placement in the area of intercultural interaction are revealed. The origin and distribution of different types of Carpathian toponyms are analyzed. The perspectives of the use of toponymic analysis in local studies and in the organization of tourism activity are outlined. The conclusion is made that the organization of local lore in the field of geographic carpathology by toponymic method attracts the involvement of a wide range of researchers from outside the institutions and organizations, including teachers, students, and schoolchildren. Тoponymic analysis in regional studies should be carried out taking into account the trends of the course of historical and geographical processes and using the methods of typing toponyms, toponymic zoning and determining the boundaries of the distribution of toponyms of a certain type. The emphasis is placed on the fact that when organizing rural green tourism, field surveys of toponymic features of outskirts of settlements and local population surveys are important for determining the correct pronunciation of place names. Research of the Carpathian Toponymy is one of the methods of local ethnographers’ knowledge of the settlements of the Ukrainian Carpathians, the definition of differences between the traditional economy and the traditional culture of Carpathian ethnographic regions, which is relevant for the needs of ethnographic tourism. A detailed description, typing and explanation of the geographical location of the Carpathian place names are of practical importance not only in tourism but also in the context of restoring historical geographical names or making corrections to their spelling. Key words: geographical local studies, tourist resources, toponymy, origin and types of Carpathian toponyms, ethnographic and rural green tourism.

The most controversial questions in research of settlement problems of the Ukrainian Carpathians are settling time, the role of different migratory movements and ethnic composition of immigrants. Historical records show that until the XIII century there was not an overall network of settlements in the mountainous areas of the Ukrainian Carpathians. Nevertheless, on the eve of that time, the Ukrainians quite rapidly adjusted directly to the foothills, Transcarpathian ways, they created defensive points in the highlands and carried out various nature use. Considering the socio-economic and security needs of the population of ancient foothill areas main migratory movement coming from the plains to mountain rivers flow to their origins, including the territory of Transcarpathia and Carpathian and Volyn and Podillya. The similarity place names on both sides of the Carpathians Ukrainian Transcarpathian confirm the influence of colonization movements that have left their traces in the mountains. Various historical and ethnographic artifacts indicate an important role in the settlement of the Carpathian mountain region south of colonization, i.e. relocation to the region population from the territory on the border of the middle and lower Danube, historic Transylvania and Moldova during the XIII-XVI centuries, which in the Commonwealth and some other states politically identified as “land Wlachs”. The main component of ethnic-social colonization was humanity southern Slavic-Rusyn origin. Settling mountain areas of Ukrainian Carpathians influenced the formation of the social structure of Ukrainian society, particularly on the spread of Ukrainian gentry, which was originally founding villages and their families. Value of different groups of immigrants from the south, north, west and east, as well as instituting the characteristics of the traditional economy and traditional culture under various environmental conditions and led to the formation of ethnic groups of the Ukrainian Carpathians (Boyko, Lemko, Hutsuls). Key words: settlement of the Ukrainian Carpathians, South colonization, Ukrainian ethnographic groups, toponymy of the Ukrainian Carpathians, Transcarpathian relocation.

The concept of territorial and political development is exposed. The trends of the dynamics of regional differentiation of the electoral and political activity of citizens of Ukraine for the entire current period of its independence, main regional and political problems are identified. It is concluded that the at the first stage of territorial and political development (1991–2000 years), despite widespread Soviet identity and significant differentiation of mental and political moods, preconditions for interregional rapprochement or understanding though slowly formed, the issue of including Crimea into the legal field of Ukraine is solved. Territorial and political development of Ukraine in the direction of conflict was oriented since 2000, as a result of the mobilization of pro-Russian forces by the leadership. It appeared in the polarization of electoral and political attitudes, expanding the range of openly anti-Ukrainian political organizations, imposing the federal organization for Ukraine. Prospects for sovereign territorial and political development of Ukraine aggravated when in 2010 Russia continued to stay the Black Sea Fleet in the Crimea, and actually took control of the state security forces. Russia has moved to the open annexation of Ukrainian territories in the spring of 2014, occupying Crimea and Donetsk region that marked a new phase of territorial and political development of Ukraine. It is the restoration of the sovereignty and political integrity, countering Russian aggression and its attempts to destabilize the situation in other regions are the main challenges facing Ukraine at present. Key words: territorial and political development, regional and political issues of Ukraine, electoral geography, regional polarization of political attitudes, regional separatism.

В контексті пошуку можливостей активізації соціально-економічного життя в Україні та її регіонах немалі сподівання покладають на розвиток туризму. Становлення цієї динамічної галузі зумовило появу низки спеціалізованих навчальних закладів та окремих підрозділів (факультетів, інститутів, кафедр) в університетах, які покликані готувати фахівців зі спеціальності “Туризм” для багатьох новостворених туристичних фірм. Однак попри наявність помітного соціального замовлення на розвиток цього сегмента української економіки помітною є недостатність наукового і навчально-методичного забезпечення нової спеціальності. Особливо відчутною є потреба розроб-лення концептуальних і прикладних засад маркетингової стратегії розвитку туризму з огляду на динамізм ринку споживачів та послуг у цій галузі, її залежність від багатьох економічних, соціально-політичних та інформаційних чинників.

The essence of the concept of “geo-cultural potential settlement” is uncovered. Leading role of ethnic and religious factors in the formation of geo-cultural potential of very small urban settlements is grounded. The main stages of transformation of ethnic and religious structure of the population of Lviv region are defined and her influence on the formation of the cultural heritage of small urban settlements. It is concluded that the basis of geo-cultural potential of very small urban settlements of the region are Ukrainian cultural traditions, combined with the experience of other ethnic groups, especially the Polish, German and Jewish. The differentiation of urban villages and small towns a concentration on features monuments are analyzed and its socio-geographic importance are defined. Some options for using geo-cultural potential of very small urban settlements in the tourism industry are outlined. Key words: cultural heritage, geo-cultural potential settlements, a small urban settlement, historical and cultural tourism resources, tourism.

Objective evidences of geographical-political unbalance in Ukraine, which is clearly manifested in the electoral and political activity of the population and is the result primarily of historical and geographical differences and ethno-geographical regions of the state, are characterized. Twelve political and geographic areas with the characteristics of the party-political preferences and geopolitical consciousness are allocated on the basis of a comparative analysis of presidential elections in Ukraine. It is concluded that the regional mental-political differentiation does not have the character of intercivilizational contrasts. Objective historical and cultural base integrity are defined. Complications of regional-political situation in Ukraine at the beginning of the XXI century was not immanent conditioned and caused by subjective factors such as a lack of effective internal geopolitics during the 90s and targeted large-scale geopolitical pressure from Russia at the beginning of the XXI century. Key words: geography of elections in Ukraine, territorial-political unbalance in Ukraine, the historical-geographical background of Ukraine, ethnical-geographical situation in Ukraine, the internal geopolitics.

Critical analysis of concepts and terminology of geopolitics was made. Paradigm of scientific analysis of global geopolitical processes was proved. The basic modern global political trends were represented. A regularity formation and change of civilizations-cultures were grounded. Significant relationships and dependencies in the geopolitical system in the world were defined. The regular character of the convergence of the territorial organization of political and ethnic areas of the modern world was exposed. Incorrect methodological approaches to the analysis of the geopolitical situation in Ukraine were allocated. Key words: geopolitics, objective geopolitical analysis, methodology of geopolitics, conceptual foundations of geopolitics, geopolitical trends.

Characteristic of geographical position of very small urban settlements of Lviv region was made. The level of their social-geographical periphery and its impact on the functioning of settlements were identified. Regular character of placing of a large number of cities and urban villages on the edge of the Carpathians and the Forecarpathians were proved. The differentiation of small urban settlements of Lviv region by features of administrative status and its socio-geographical importance were analyzed. Conclusion regarding inappropriate reduction of current administrative status of very small towns and urban villages was made. Key words: very small urban settlements, very small town, urban village, geographical location of settlements, administrative status of settlements.

The essence of the concept of geospatial patterns of settlement is concretized. The role of various factors in shaping the geographical configuration and spatial forms of very small towns of Lviv region are reveals. Typing towns and cities in the region of very small features on geospatial framework are made. The spatial distribution of the various forms of very small towns of Lviv region is analyzed. Key words: very small urban settlements, geospatial patterns of settlement, typing settlements, location settlements.

Comparative analysis of objectives and basic directions of geopolitics of the United States, Great Britain, Germany, France, Russia and China are made. A place of Ukraine in geopolitics of great powers is appointed. Contradictions of realization of geopolitical interests by great powers in context of global security and sustainable development are shown. Key words: geopolitics, geopolitical analysis, great powers, foreign policy, geopolitical interests.