Muhammad Subbayyal Akram’s scientific contributions

Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) pose a significant threat to both poultry and human populations due to their ability to cross species barriers. This review explores the genetic diversity and factors influencing the pathogenicity of Influenza A viruses, focusing on the H5N2 subtypes currently circulating in China. The viral subtypes are determined by Neuraminidase (NA) and Hemagglutinin (HA) genes, with H5N2 variants dominating recent outbreaks. The presence of polybasic cleavage sites in the HA molecule is a key indicator of high pathogenicity. Notably, the NP, PB1, and PB2 proteins contribute to increased pathogenicity. Outbreaks are classified based on cytotoxicity and the presence of polybasic cleavage sites in the HA. The dissemination of AIVs is closely linked to wild birds, especially migratory species. HPAI spread through migratory flyways, raising concerns about cross-continental transmission. The study addresses the role of migratory birds, exploring questions regarding their ability to carry infections while migrating and the involvement of illegal exotic bird trade in viral spread. Surveillance measures are crucial for early detection and preparation, necessitating updated kits and knowledge about wild bird behavior. The global impact of AIVs on the poultry industry is profound, affecting both small and large-scale farmers. Economic losses, culling practices, and societal impacts are discussed, emphasizing the vulnerability of small-scale farmers in developing countries. Prevention strategies involve understanding migratory patterns, implementing effective surveillance, and preparing management protocols. Coordination among organizations and heightened situational awareness are vital components of proactive measures against AIV outbreaks.

The complex landscape of mRNA vaccines is explored in this in-depth review, which focuses on the cutting edge of vaccine research against the deadly parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Parasite life cycle, significance, and host range are introduced, and then the importance of developing new vaccines is stressed. The report elucidates the context of vaccine development, exposing the merits of immunization and the difficulties faced by malaria vaccine efforts. Before diving into an in-depth investigation of new technologies, it is helpful to get a firm grounding in the history and current practices of vaccine development. In particular, the pros and cons of RNA vaccines for protecting against Plasmodium are discussed at length. This review concludes with an optimistic look into the future of mRNA vaccines, emphasizing their potential to treat not only malaria but also other infectious illnesses. The analysis highlights the speed and potential of mRNA vaccine development and tailored cancer vaccines at a time when global vaccination equality is of paramount importance. This voyage of evaluation spans the promise and limitations of mRNA vaccines, providing a complete picture of how they may or may not impact disease prevention and international health security.

Staphylococcus aureus is a notorious gram-positive bacterium that presents life threatening consequences by affecting both humans and animals. Methicillin is a semisynthetic antibiotic that is used as an antibacterial, especially for S. aureus and infections caused by S. aureus. Methicillin-resistant as a significant risk to world health, S. aureus (MRSA) has unique categories that encompass strains connected to hospitals, communities, and animals. In densely populated developing nations, the challenges related to public hygiene practices can be particularly pronounced. Developing nations, unfortunately, documented cases of both MRSA within healthcare settings and a concerning rise in the incidence of MRSA, poses a significant and evolving threat to the wider community. MRSA is a significant contributor to dairy cow mastitis, and this includes instances of MRSA. What complicates matters further is the reported transmission of MRSA between those handling milk and the cows themselves. This phenomenon is not unique to Asian continents but has been monitored on a worldwide scale, with similar reports emerging from within the country. These findings underscore the potential for MRSA being imparted within animals and humans, particularly those engaged in the dairy industry.