Muhammad Farid’s scientific contributions

This article analyzes the rationality of Ethiopia in cooperating with China in restoring the Addis Ababa-Djibouti railway project using rational choice theory in foreign policy making. Despite having several alternative ports and other parties to support the project, Ethiopia has chosen the fund from China to support its railway project. The similarity between China and Ethiopia regarding political values is one of the factors in choosing China to work with. The Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) seems to be unapproachable by Western political values that are influenced by the internal condition of the state and tend to emphasize democracy. Therefore, it tends to work with China. Other than that, depending on Djibouti’s port as the most viable seaport in the region to access the sea as a landlocked country has driven Ethiopia to restore the railway as quickly as possible. By considering the Chinese loan system, which did not have many qualifications to lend money, Ethiopia could quickly restore the railway and not miss out on the opportunity to grow its trade through developing its infrastructure. Keywords: African infrastructure development, China’s loan, China in Africa, rational choice

p>The Mediterranean Sea has an attraction for countries that want to control this area. Among them are the abundant energy resources (such as oil and natural gas), have international trade routes that connect Europe, Africa, and Asia, and offer beaches or ports that can be built and operate year-round. Therefore, a superpower country like Russia is interested in becoming one of the actors that dominate this region. Russian activity in this region has occurred since the era of the Russian empire (Tsardom). However, over time, Russia has ambitions to regain control of the area they previously controlled. The Mediterranean region, especially the Eastern Mediterranean, is a strategic area for Russia in carrying out its foreign policy interests where they want to secure natural resource reserves and international trade routes and look for ports that can operate for a full year. This research aims to analyze how Russia's foreign policy interests result in its presence in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. Using qualitative research methods, this research will analyze Russia's presence in the East Mediterranean Sea. This research finds that Russia can demonstrate its presence in the Eastern Mediterranean region by using several political manoeuvres such as the annexation of Crimea, establishing relations with Turkey and Syria, and the use of energy politics in their foreign policy.</p

Pendidikan Pancasila merupakan mata kuliah wajib umum yang menjadi bagian penting dalam proses pendidikan di perguruan tinggi. Sebagai mata kuliah wajib umum, pendidikan Pancasila bertujuan untuk membentuk karakter mahasiswa untuk memiliki dasar dasar nilai berbangsa dan bernegara, pengetahuan tentang sistem nilai hidup berbangsa dan bernegara, serta orientasi dan wawasan untuk menjadi bangsa Indonesia yang berjati diri Pancasila. Mata kuliah Pancasila diberikan kepada seluruh mahasiswa lintas disiplin atau bidang ilmu. Persoalan yang sering muncul, mata kuliah Pancasila terkadang belum kontekstual dan relevan dalam bidang ilmu tertentu. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengkaji dan menganalisis model pengembangan mata kuliah pendidikan Pancasila di bidang ilmu hubungan Internasional. Metode penelitian ini merupakan kajian literatur dan studi empirik model pengembangan pendidikan Pancasila pada bidang ilmu Hubungan Internasional. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa model pembelajaran pendidikan Pancasila pada bidang ilmu hubungan internasional dapat dilakukan dengan menghubungkan materi Pancasila dengan isu isu strategis internasional melalui metode interaktif, dialog dan studi kasus. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa materi pendidikan Pancasila menjadi sangat relevan dan kontekstual dalam bidang ilmu hubungan internasional.