Monica Kirkpatrick Johnson's research while affiliated with Washington State University and other places
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Publications (61)
This study examines gender differences in the financial support young adults receive from their families and in the associations between adult role occupancy and financial assistance. Drawing on data from the Transition to Adulthood Supplement of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics between 2005 and 2015, this study analyzes patterns of receiving any...
The extension of parental financial support into young adulthood has fueled concerns in the U.S. about young people’s development of independence and responsibility—financial and otherwise. This study draws on data from the Transition to Adulthood Supplement to the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to examine young people’s self-assessments of these q...
This study empirically tests whether people invoke moral and prudential rationales when evaluating behavior in a novel context—the early months of the Covid-19 pandemic in the United States—and whether those rationales are associated with their support for a norm. We use data from two online vignette experiments that describe key health behaviors—s...
We draw on norms theory to develop hypotheses about norms regulating social distancing during the Covid-19 pandemic. We identify two theoretical approaches—the consequentialist and social cues approach—and argue that understanding norms will be enhanced by integrating these two approaches. We apply these general theoretical approaches to the Covid-...
Despite considerable evidence of the importance of self-esteem and self-efficacy for agentic, goal-oriented behavior, little attention has been directed to these psychological dimensions in the status attainment literature. The present research uses data from the longitudinal, three-generation Youth Development Study (N = 422 three-generation triad...
In the United States, athletics is a major part of adolescents’ lives during high school. Using longitudinal data on 703 respondents from the Youth Development Study, we examine whether sports participation in adolescence predicts a diverse array of civic behaviors and orientations as young adults. Our study centers on a test of two theories. Socia...
This study examines the transmission of work values from parents to children between mid-adolescence and early midlife. The authors propose that work-related values are transmitted from parents to children in two sequential and complementary processes stretched across adolescence and early adulthood. The first process of work value exposure and rec...
Agentic orientations developed in adolescence have been linked to better health, well-being, and achievements in the years following. This study examines longitudinal parental influences on the development of adolescent children's agentic orientations, captured by the core constructs of mastery beliefs and generalized life expectations. Drawing on...
This chapter examines the development of achievement orientations, and considers how key socialization processes may be affected in times of economic turbulence. We posit that economic recessions are detrimental for youth because of their potential to disrupt socialization to work in the family and in the workplace. We support this argument by draw...
In this chapter, we consider the impacts of economic recession on youth employment and educational outcomes around the world. We seek to understand how national differences in institutional structures and culture shape youth responses to deteriorating economic circumstances. The work is divided into four sections. The first section describes how de...
Optimistic assessments of life chances can positively influence life outcomes, but conflicting theories suggest these assessments either reflect structural privilege or develop as a result of childhood hardship. In addition, competing hypotheses suggest that these assessments may matter differently depending on who holds them. We examine whether fa...
This research investigates the social reproduction of inequality by drawing on prospective longitudinal data from three generations of Youth Development Study respondents. It examines intergenerational influence on the relatively unexplored academic self-concept as well as educational plans, a critical component of the status attainment model. A st...
This study examines the impact of the "Great Recession" (from December 2007 to June 2009) on 8th and 10th graders in the USA, using annual nationally representative data from the Monitoring the Future study. Historical changes in youth adjustment (self-esteem, depressed mood, risk taking, aggression and property crime), school achievement (grade po...
Building on the success of the 2003 Handbook of the Life Course, this second volume identifies future directions for life course research and policy. The introductory essay and the chapters that make up the five sections of this book show consensus on strategic “next steps” in life course studies. These next steps are explored in detail in each sec...
The Great Recession brought many changes to the work and financial lives of American families. Little is known, however, about how changes in parental work conditions in recessionary times influence children's vocational development. Drawing on data from the Youth Development Study, we examine whether parents' recessionary experiences shape adolesc...
Empirical treatments of agency have not caught up with theoretical explication; empirical projects almost always focus on concurrent beliefs about one's ability to act successfully without sufficiently attending to temporality. We suggest that understanding the modern life course necessitates a multidimensional understanding of subjective agency in...
Growing inequality in families has prompted great interest in the intergenerational transmission of advantage. Guided by three complementary theoretical perspectives, we examine the continuity of achievement orientations across three generations. The first posits that contemporaneous parental orientations and attainments influence children. Childre...
The Great Recession had substantial effects on the labor market in the United States, as elsewhere. To what extent did secondary students' employment decline during this time? Which students are leaving the labor market? Are reductions in employment concentrated in particular jobs? To answer these questions, we use data from the Monitoring the Futu...
Drawing on data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, this study examined the impact of parental financial assistance on young adults' relationships with parents and well-being. Conditional change models were estimated to evaluate the effects of parental financial assistance reported in Wave 3 (ages 18 - 26) and Wave 4 (ages 24...
How consequential is family socioeconomic status for maintaining plans to get a bachelor's degree during the transition to adulthood? This article examines persistence and change in educational expectations, focusing on the extent to which family socioeconomic status shapes overtime trajectories of bachelor's degree expectations, how the influence...
In the prolonged transition to adulthood, young adults are increasingly dependent on their families for material and emotional support, but what effect does this support have on later success? This chapter extends research by Fingerman and colleagues to investigate the long-term implications of family context on young adults’ success. Specifically,...
We examine how work difficulties in the early career, and the generally deteriorating work conditions associated with the recent U.S. economic recession, shape individuals' work values. Drawing on panel data from the Youth Development Study, we test whether individuals change their work values in response to concerns about satisfying material needs...
This study examines three forms of development in work values, or the importance people attach to various rewards of working, including whether young people become more selective in their work values with age, whether work values become more stable with age, and whether work values become more predictive of later work outcomes with age. Drawing on...
Today’s transition to adulthood in the United States is complex and drawn out. Current economic and social conditions favor young workers who have completed post-secondary education, resulting in many young adults delaying exiting the family home, marriage, and parenthood. The role of parental support (both affective and instrumental) in navigating...
This study investigates the relation of young adult identities (ages 18-22 years), reflecting subjective age and psychosocial maturity, to educational and career attainment in young adulthood (ages 25-29 years). Add Health data show that having an older subjective age alone does not curtail attainment; the critical issue is the level of psychosocia...
What do recent trends toward increasingly ambitious educational expectations and rising college completion rates mean for
the stratification of higher education? This article shows that the odds of achieving expectations for a bachelor's degree
increased across 15 cohorts of young adults, and to a lesser extent, for expectations to attend graduate/...
Recent methodological advances have allowed empirical research on adolescence to do better justice to theoretical models. Organized by a life course framework, this review covers the state of contemporary research on adolescents' physical, psychological, interpersonal, and institutional pathways; how these pathways connect within primary ecological...
We evaluate the importance of judgments about work for the attainment process in the “new economy.” Findings show continuing
links between social origins and work orientations at age 21/22, as well as significant effects of work orientations on occupational
outcomes at age 31/32. Higher socio-economic status background, and stronger self-perceived...
In this essay, we argue that viewing adolescence within the full life course will improve our understanding of both adolescence itself and the life course more generally. Such an approach makes explicit how adolescence is linked to developmental processes in the years both before and after adolescence in ways that are shaped by broader patterns of...
This study revisits the relationship between adolescent judgments about work and later job characteristics, tackling the twin temporal dimensions of age and history. Drawing on 15 consecutive cohorts of high school seniors, we examine 1) whether adolescents' judgments about work become more strongly predictive of the characteristics of their jobs a...
This study examines the links between adolescent family context and coming to see oneself as an adult. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, we investigate how adolescent family structure, resources, and processes together influence adult identity and whether they do so similarly for men and women. We find that youth...
We examine whether hardship while growing up shapes subjective age identity, as well as three types of experiences through which it may occur. Drawing on data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, we find that hardship in several domains during childhood and adolescence is associated with feeling relatively older and self-ident...
Americans who came of age during and immediately following World War II have recently become a central feature for more broadly understanding volunteerism, as well as civic participation, in the United States. Using data from the Stanford-Terman Study we examine women's community service participation and leadership over the period 1940–1960. The w...
This study explores the role of informal mentoring (i.e., developing an important relationship with a non-parental adult) in the transition to full time employment among young adults (age 23–28). Multivariate analysis of the Add Health data reveals that mentoring is positively related to the likelihood of full time employment, and the relationship...
This study examines and extends the confluence model of age identity by testing whether young people's self-perceptions as adults are linked to role transitions, self-assessed personal qualities, and social location. We propose that young people's sense of adulthood and the factors associated with it vary based on socially structured experience tie...
The authors examine the measurement structure of individuals' orientations toward work rewards, or “judgments about work,” a concept central to the social psychology of work. Despite extensive and sustained interest in the level of importance attached to work rewards by major markers of social location such as birth cohort, social class origins, an...
In order to build a better understanding of age identity in the transition to adulthood, this study examines variation in young people's self-understandings of their relative age. We examine both role transitions and character qualities and how their relationships to relative age vary by chronological age, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status....
A substantial literature documents a gender reversal in many aspects of social psychological functioning during adolescence, in which girls fall below boys in domains in which they once enjoyed advantages. This study elaborates upon recent research from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health suggesting that this phenomenon may occur i...
We compare Cuban, Puerto Rican, and Mexican origin adolescents' desire to attend college and their perceived likelihood of attending college with those of non-Latino white and black adolescents. We find that the strength of college aspirations and expectations is high among all the groups, and that Mexican origin and Puerto Rican origin adolescents...
This study focuses on whether marriage and parenthood influence work values after taking into account the influence of work values on family formation. In a recent panel of young adults (N= 709), stronger extrinsic and weaker intrinsic work values during adolescence predicted marriage and parenthood 9 years out of high school. Controlling these rel...
Rural youth in economically troubled regions develop plans for their future in a context in which opportunities for educational and occupational success generally lie elsewhere, prompting the need to migrate. This study investigates the links between rural adolescents' residential preferences and their plans for the future, perceptions of local opp...
Objectives. The purpose of this study was to extend research on the connection between school size and student outcomes by examining how school size was related to interpersonal processes and whether the interpersonal effects of school size varied by race/ethnicity.
Methods. We applied multilevel modeling techniques to a sample of 14,966 students i...
In an on-going debate over the consequences of adolescent employment, there is growing agreement that work intensity (i.e., longer hours) fosters underage drinking and other substance use. The current study furthers our understanding of the relationship between hours of employment and substance use in adolescence by testing whether it is evident ac...
To date, relatively little is known about the prosocial values of adolescents. Research has shown that females attach more importance to certain prosocial values than males do in late adolescence but has not considered whether this gender difference is evident across stages of adolescence and whether it varies by race. We examine values that focus...
This panel study examines whether educational, work, and family roles promote volunteerism during late adolescence and early
adulthood, as they do later in adulthood. The findings reveal substantial continuity in volunteerism from adolescence through
the transition to adulthood and highlight the importance of values expressed in adolescence for vol...
To explore the significance of social integration in the educational system, this study examined whether student-teacher relationships predicted two important student behavioral outcomes (academic achievement and disciplinary problems); whether these within-school intragenerational relationships were predicted by the structural, compositional, and...
Today, the life course perspective is perhaps the pre-eminent theoretical orientation in the study of lives, but this has
not always been the case. The life histories and future trajectories of individuals and groups were largely neglected by early
sociological research. In the pioneering study, The Polish Peasant in Europe and America (1918-1920),...
This study links the trajectories of adolescents' work values during the transition to adulthood to key indicators of social
origin and early experience. The findings, based on panel data from a national sample, indicate that individuals' work values
change substantially during this period of the life course, with “average trajectories” of work val...
This study relates change and stability in work values to educational pathways in the transition to adulthood. Using panel data, we examine whether levels and rates of change in work values in the eight years after high school are linked to postsecondary education. Along some value dimensions, initial differences increased notably between those who...
In this chapter, we consider the connections between macro-level changes in work and family structures in the U.S. and the micro-level attitudes of adolescents regarding future work and family lives. Using nationally representative data, we first examine whether adolescents' orientations toward work and family changed in the last two decades. With...
Using data from a nationally representative panel study, I examine change and stability in job values across the young adult years. I find that on average, young people attach lessening importance to various job rewards during the transition to adulthood. In addition, job values become increasingly stable (individual differences are increasingly ma...
Students' attachment to school and their academic engagement are important, yet understudied, aspects of the educational experience. In their study, the authors examined whether students of different racial-ethnic groups vary in attachment and engagement and whether properties of schools (e.g., racial-ethnic composition) influence these outcomes ov...
This panel study of young people in the United States addresses a set of interrelated questions on how job values change during the transition to adulthood, including whether the gender differences in job values apparent in adolescence persist across the transition to adulthood, and whether young men's and women's job values change in similar ways....
Structural transformations in the international economy and the restructuring of work have made the transition from education to employment increasingly problematic. School-to-work pathways have become more socially segmented and the risk of under-employment and joblessness has increased for both vocationally and academically educated youth. Contin...
Laws of intestate succession determine how the estate of a person who dies without a will is distributed. Researchers have struggled with the question of how to infer the donative intent of persons who die intestate. Based on an empirical study of unmarried committed partners, we compare the usefulness of two methods of social research for informin...
In this collection of chapters, leading scholars of adolescent risk behavior present the most recent ideas and findings about the variety of behaviors that can compromise adolescent development, including drug use, risky driving, early sexual activity, depression, and school disengagement. In particular, the volume emphasizes new perspectives on de...
Using data for national samples of high school seniors between 1976 and 1992, we examine gender differences in racial attitudes in the United States. We find an important effect of gender on "social distance" attitudes: Females express more favorable attitudes than males, and this gender difference is significantly greater among whites than blacks....
Previous research has suggested that volunteering may have beneficial developmental consequences for adolescents. However, the sparse research on youth volunteerism is generally limited by a cross-sectional design that does not elucidate causal relations. This study addresses the questions, "Who participates in volunteer work?" and "What are the ef...
Citations
... Compliance with preventative measures was highest when individuals were encouraged by descriptive and injunctive norms (Akfirat et al., 2023). People assessed emergent COVID-19 health behaviors through moral and prudential rationales, and these assessments explained how much someone disapproved of those behaviors (Horne and Johnson, 2022). Our findings add to existing norms research by revealing specific social processes that facilitate rapid group adjustment to new norms, along with how norms are used to justify existing inequalities and strengthen group boundaries during times of social change. ...
... Because employment patterns-including both the temporal character and quality of work-are not randomly distributed, our models take into account known bases of selection to work. Controlling such selection factors, as well as lagged outcome variables (that is, the dependent variables measured in the ninth grade), we found no evidence that more intensive work reduced grade point average or educational aspirations and plans nor did it affect key indicators of mental health, such as depressed mood or selfesteem (Mortimer et al. 1996;Mortimer and Johnson 1998). Shanahan and Flaherty (2001) also found that employment did not typically cramp adolescents' "well-rounded" life styles. ...
... Ulike studier har vist at tillit til myndighetene, bekymring for viruset, samt oppfatning om at andre etterlever råd, henger positivt sammen med etterlevelse (Bargain & Aminjonov, 2020;Dohle et al., 2020;Elgar et al., 2020;Han et al., 2020;Horne & Johnson, 2021). Studiene ser i liten grad de ulike faktorene i sammenheng, men fokuserer på én av dem (men se Kittel, Kalleitner, & Schiestl, 2021). ...
... For example, some adolescents may have already been socialized into exhibiting more or fewer PEAs and PEBs. As a result, they may have been more inclined to participate in specific activity types (Glanville, 1999;Rotolo et al., 2020). Additionally, future studies should propose a more complete model of major socialization contexts (e.g., OAs, family, friends, school, media) to examine their unique contribution to PEAs and PEBs. ...
... Taking additional results into consideration, the findings on non-response in calendar instruments do not allow a definite conclusion (see e.g. Mortimer & Johnson, 1999;Yoshihama et al., 2005;Martyn et al., 2006;Cotugno, 2009). ...
... We also note that the finding that work is not associated with greater overweight/obesity risk when combined with school enrollment aligns with prior work on the benefits of combining work with school. For example, attending school while working is associated with improved academic performance in the United States (Mortimer and Johnson 1998;Staff et al. 2010) and increased adult earnings in Brazil (Emerson and Souza 2011). We speculate that combining school and work might be a way to gain skills that promote healthy eating habits. ...
... Core self-evaluation refers to an individual's assessment of their own abilities and self-worth [29]. During adolescence, core self-evaluation is influenced by situational and external factors [30]. For example, when adolescents encounter negative assessments such as neglect, exclusion, or harsh criticism, they may internalize these unfavorable judgments into their self-concept, leading to diminished self-esteem and self-assessment. ...
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... Children develop work values that correspond to their parents work-related behaviour, emotions and decisions. Therefore, children from low-status families are more strongly motivated by extrinsic values, while young people from high-status families are rather more intrinsically motivated (Cemalcilar et al. 2018;Johnson et al. 2020). ...
![[object Object]](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/11431281082959273-1662334374771_Q64/Jutta-Heckhausen.jpg)
... Socio-cultural systems provide the blueprint for social lives and associated transition regimes, which regulate opportunities for education and employment. They bestow laws, rules and regulations that delineate distinct pathways for individuals to follow, and also inform attitudes and beliefs by shaping outlooks for the future (Schoon and Lyons-Amos, 2016;Mortimer et al, 2017;Heckhausen and Buchmann, 2018). The life-course principles considered at the beginning of the paper provide a good basis for considering the processes involved. ...
... The life course perspective has been used over the years to guide several research studies focusing on ageing. This perspective is distinguished by its focus on time, context, and process [26], allowing researchers to analyse how trajectories influence ageing, as well as the historical and geographical contexts in which it takes place [27]. ...
