![(a) Return loss for different antenna structures and FSS transmission parameters with GSS structure [blue line in Fig. 3(a)]; return loss (b) and phase (c) of the tunable structures with different graphene sheet resistances; (d) radiation performance for different sheet resistances: realized gain patterns at 3.42 GHz; (e) monostatic RCS vs frequency with different sheet resistance; and (f) 3D scattering patterns of the proposed tunable antenna at 3.75 GHz. The sheet resistances of graphene are 200, 500, 1500, and 2500 Ω/ϒ, respectively.](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/383716235/figure/fig3/AS:11431281289708295@1731353430502/a-Return-loss-for-different-antenna-structures-and-FSS-transmission-parameters-with-GSS_Q320.jpg)
September 2024
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In this paper, we propose a graphene-based radar cross section (RCS) tunable antenna that utilizes metal mesh and graphene, both of which are optically transparent. The graphene sandwich structure is introduced to replace traditional components like diodes, micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS), and varactors, acting as an electromagnetic wave controller and significantly simplifying the device's complexity. By applying different voltages, the electrical properties of graphene are altered, enabling the regulation of reflection, transmission, and absorption of electromagnetic waves. This not only modifies the antenna's pattern but also achieves a substantial reduction in out-of-band RCS. The radiation and scattering mechanism of the antenna is carefully elaborated. The numerical and experimental results match well, which validates the effectiveness of the proposed method. The optical transmittance of the device is 27.9% at 550 nm, and the out-of-band RCS reduction is 10.01 dB at 3.83 GHz. The transparent, RCS tunable antenna proposed has significant potential applications in optical and microwave stealth technology.