Mike Clarke's research while affiliated with Queen's University Belfast and other places
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Publications (478)
Importance
There is limited evidence on the optimal strategy for liberating infants and children from invasive mechanical ventilation in the pediatric intensive care unit.
Objective
To determine if a sedation and ventilator liberation protocol intervention reduces the duration of invasive mechanical ventilation in infants and children anticipated...
The public and patients can be powerful sensors for shaping and powering healthcare research. They are joining research teams as investigators and collaborators to co-produce evidence for the practical use of interventions in clinical practice.
While clinicians and researchers are encouraged by funders and policymakers to involve the public and pat...
Objectives:
To assess the reporting quality of abstracts for published randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of interventions for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), including the use of spin strategies and the level of spin for RCTs with statistically non-significant primary outcomes, and to explore potential predictors for reporting quality and t...
Background
Trials of interventions to prevent or treat delirium in adults in an acute hospital setting report heterogeneous outcomes. Our objective was to develop international consensus among key stakeholders for a core outcome set (COS) for future trials of interventions to prevent and/or treat delirium in adults with an acute care hospital admis...
Plain language summary Family planning (FP) programmes aim to enable people to achieve their desired family size. Successful programmes are essential for encouraging better health outcomes for individuals and families. Historically, FP programmes have focused on the sexual and reproductive health and rights of women and girls, and while this is nec...
This chapter overviews those elements of an individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis project that differ from a conventional meta-analysis of aggregate data. It describes the advantages and challenges of the IPD approach. IPD meta-analysis projects follow many of the same principles and research processes as conventional systematic reviews a...
Objectives:
Delirium in critically ill adults is highly prevalent and has multiple negative consequences. To-date, trials of interventions to prevent or treat delirium report heterogenous outcomes. To develop international consensus among key stakeholders for a core outcome set for future trials of interventions to prevent and/or treat delirium in...
Background: Rates of adolescent HIV and unintended pregnancy in southern Africa are amongst the highest in the world. Gender-transformative interventions that address underlying gender inequalities and engage both males and females have been emphasised by the World Health Organisation, amongst others, to target prevention. However, few such gender-...
Objectives
The primary objective of the study is to assess the safety of a single intravenous infusion of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) in patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) due to COVID-19. Secondary objectives are to determine the effects of MSCs on important clinical outcomes, as described below.
Trial design
REALIST CO...
Background
Advance Care Planning is recommended for people with end-stage kidney disease but evidence is limited. Robust clinical trials are needed to investigate the impact of advance care planning in this population. There is little available data on cost-effectiveness to guide decision makers in allocating resources for advance care planning. Th...
Objective:
The aim of our review was to bring together studies that had assessed the uptake of core outcome sets (COS) to explore the level of uptake across different COS and areas of health.
Study design and setting:
We examined the citations of 337 COS reports to identify studies that had assessed the uptake of a particular COS in randomised c...
Background:
There is considerable actual and potential waste in research. The aim of this paper is to describe how using an Evidence-Based Research approach before conducting a study helps to ensure that the new study truly adds value.
Study design and setting:
Evidence-Based Research is the use of prior research in a systematic and transparent...
Background:
There is considerable actual and potential waste in research. Using evidence-based research can ensure the value of a new study. The aim of this paper, the third in a series, is to describe an evidence-based research (EBR) approach to putting research results into context.
Study design and setting:
Evidence-Based Research is the use...
Objectives:
A core outcome set (COS) is an agreed standardised minimum collection of outcomes that should be measured and reported in research in a specific area of health. Cochrane systematic reviews ('reviews') are rigorous reviews on health-related topics conducted under the auspices of Cochrane. This study examines the use of existing COS to i...
Background:
Older adults suffering partial tooth loss may need additional intervention strategies other than natural tooth replacement alone to improve their nutritional status. This study aimed to design and develop a habit-based tailored dietary intervention and to assess the feasibility and acceptability of the intervention, in conjunction with...
Background:
The World Health Organization declared on March 11, 2020, that the spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) has escalated from epidemic into pandemic. As the initial outbreak area, China has taken multiple active measures to deal with the epidemic. Updated versions of diagnosis and treatment guideline...
Background: Road traffic injuries are a major public health concern. The burden and road traffic fatality rate are especially high in low-and middle-income countries and the socioeconomic impact is profound. Although many authors have studied the correlation between vision and traffic safety, there is no robust evidence base that could be used in a...
Background: Many randomised trials have serious methodological flaws that fatally undermine their results, which makes the research wasteful. This is of concern for many, including those doing systematic reviews that include trials. Cochrane systematic reviews have a section called ‘ Implications for research ’, which allows authors of the review t...
Background:
Major infectious disease outbreaks are a constant threat to human health. Clinical research responses to outbreaks generate evidence to improve outcomes and outbreak control. Experiences from previous epidemics have identified multiple challenges to undertaking timely clinical research responses. This scoping review is a systematic app...
Background
As the population of older adults’ increases, the complexity of care required to support those who choose to remain in the community has also increased. Anticipatory Care Planning (ACP) through earlier identification of healthcare needs is evidenced to improve quality of life, decrease the number of aggressive futile interventions, and e...
Clinical research is necessary for an effective response to an emerging infectious disease outbreak. However, research efforts are often hastily organised and done using various research tools, with the result that pooling data across studies is challenging. In response to the needs of the rapidly evolving COVID-19 outbreak, the Clinical Characteri...
Background: The World Health Organization declared on 11 March 2020 that the spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) has escalated from epidemic into pandemic. As the initial outbreak area, China has taken multiple active measures to deal with the epidemic. Updated versions of diagnosis and treatment guideline for...
Background: The World Health Organization declared on 11 March 2020 that thespread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) had escalated from epidemic into pandemic. As the initial outbreak area, China has taken multiple active measures to deal with the epidemic. Updated versions of diagnosis and treatment guideline for...
Background:
Neutropenic sepsis remains a common treatment complication for patients receiving systemic anti-cancer treatment. The UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence have not recommended switching from empirical intravenous antibiotics to oral antibiotics within 48 h for patients assessed as low risk for septic complications becau...
Background:
Shifts in data sharing policy have increased researchers' access to individual participant data (IPD) from clinical studies. Simultaneously the number of IPD meta-analyses (IPDMAs) is increasing. However, rates of data retrieval have not improved. Our goal was to describe the challenges of retrieving IPD for an IPDMA and provide practi...
Background
As the population of older adults’ increases, the complexity of care required to support those who choose to remain in the community has also increased. Anticipatory Care Planning (ACP) through earlier identification of healthcare needs is evidenced to improve quality of life, decrease the number of aggressive futile interventions, and e...
Background: Older adults suffering partial tooth loss may need additional intervention strategies other than natural tooth replacement alone to improve their nutritional status. This study aimed to design and develop a habit-based tailored dietary intervention and to assess the feasibility and acceptability of the intervention, in conjunction with...
Background: Older adults suffering partial tooth loss may need additional intervention strategies other than natural tooth replacement alone to improve their nutritional status. This study aimed to design and develop a habit-based tailored dietary intervention and to assess the feasibility and acceptability of the intervention, in conjunction with...
Background:
A new type of coronavirus, novel coronavirus (COVID-19), is causing an increasing number of cases of pneumonia and was declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern by the World Health Organization on 30 January 2020. The virus first appeared in Wuhan, China, in late December 2019, and traditional Chinese herbal medicine...
Background: Many randomised trials have serious methodological flaws that fatally undermine their results, which makes the research wasteful. This is of concern for many, including those doing systematic reviews that include trials. Cochrane systematic reviews all have a section called ‘ Implications for research ’, which allows authors of the revi...
Background:
Despite evidence supporting the safety of vaginal birth after caesarean section (VBAC), rates are low in many countries.
Methods:
OptiBIRTH investigated the effects of a woman-centred intervention designed to increase VBAC rates through an unblinded cluster randomised trial in 15 maternity units with VBAC rates < 35% in Germany, Irel...
Background: A new type of coronavirus, 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), is causing an increasing number of cases of pneumonia and has been declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern by the World Health Organization on 30 January 2020. The virus first appeared in Wuhan, China in late December 2019 and traditional Chinese medicine...
Background:
Striae gravidarum are a common occurrence in pregnancy and many women use a topical product to prevent their development or lessen their appearance if they do develop. There is a lack of evidence on the effectiveness of many of the products used by women. This study arose from challenges in recruitment to a pilot randomised trial (ISRC...
Background A new type of coronavirus, novel coronavirus (COVID-19), is causing an increasing number of cases of pneumonia and was declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern by the World Health Organization on 30 January 2020. The virus first appeared in Wuhan, China in late December 2019 and traditional Chinese herbal medicine is b...
Background:
The treatment and management of long-term health conditions is the greatest challenge facing health systems around the world today. Innovative approaches to patient care in the community such as Anticipatory Care Planning (ACP), which seek to help with the provision of high-quality comprehensive care to older adults at risk of function...
Despite the identification of acquired genetic mutations associated with Myeloproliferative Neoplasms (MPNs) there is a paucity of information relating to modifiable risk factors that may lead to these mutations. The MOSAICC Study was an exploratory case-control study of polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET), and Myelofibrosis (MF)...
Objectives:
To inform development of a core outcome set, we evaluated the scope and variability of outcomes, definitions, measures, and measurement time-points in published clinical trials of pharmacologic or nonpharmacologic interventions, including quality improvement projects, to prevent and/or treat delirium in the critically ill.
Data source...
Abstract
Aims This cross-sectional study aimed to assess resilience, professional quality of life and coping mechanisms in UK doctors. It also aimed to assess the impact of demographic variables, such as sex, grade and specialty on these factors.
Methods During October and November 2018, medical doctors in the UK were eligible to complete an onli...
Background The treatment and management of long-term health conditions is the greatest challenge facing health systems around the world today. Innovative approaches to patient care in the community such as Anticipatory Care Planning (ACP), which seek to help with the provision of high-quality comprehensive care to older adults at risk of functional...
Background:
Participation in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) may be quite demanding and could represent an important burden for patients. We aimed to explore this research burden (i.e., the psychological, physical, and financial burdens) experienced by patients through their participation in a RCT.
Methods:
We conducted a systematic review o...
The evidence base available to trialists to support trial process decisions—e.g. how best to recruit and retain participants, how to collect data or how to share the results with participants—is thin. One way to fill gaps in evidence is to run Studies Within A Trial, or SWATs. These are self-contained research studies embedded within a host trial t...
Background:
Current guidelines for the management of bronchiectasis (BE) highlight the lack of evidence to recommend mucoactive agents, such as hypertonic saline (HTS) and carbocisteine, to aid sputum removal as part of standard care. We hypothesise that mucoactive agents (HTS or carbocisteine, or a combination) are effective in reducing exacerbat...
Background
The Cochrane Collaboration has been publishing systematic reviews in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews ( CDSR ) since 1995, with the intention that these be updated periodically.
Objectives
To chart the long-term updating history of a cohort of Cochrane reviews and the impact on the number of included studies.
Methods
The sta...
Background
The James Lind Initiative (JLI) was a work programme inaugurated by Iain Chalmers and Patricia Atkinson to press for better research for better health care. It ran between 2003 and 2018, when Iain Chalmers retired. During the 15 years of its existence, the JLI developed three strands of work in collaboration with the authors of this pape...
Background The treatment and management of long-term health conditions is the greatest challenge facing health systems around the world today. Innovative approaches to patient care in the community such as Anticipatory Care Planning (ACP), which seek to help with the provision of high-quality comprehensive care to older adults at risk of functional...
Introduction
Weaning from ventilation is a complex process involving several stages that include recognition of patient readiness to begin the weaning process, steps to reduce ventilation while optimising sedation in order not to induce distress and removing the endotracheal tube. Delay at any stage can prolong the duration of mechanical ventilatio...
Background
Clinical research generates evidence for improving clinical management and control of emerging epidemics. However, experiences from previous disease outbreaks have identified multiple challenges to undertaking necessary clinical research in a timely way. We aimed to identify how political, economic, administrative, regulatory, logistical...
Background/aims
To report the protocol of a trial designed to evaluate the efficacy, safety and mechanism of action of low-dose atropine (0.01%) eye-drops for reducing progression of myopia in UK children.
Methods
Multicentre, double-masked, superiority, placebo-controlled, randomised trial. We will enrol children aged 6–12 years with myopia of −0...
Background Shifts in data sharing policy have increased researchers’ access to individual participant data (IPD) from clinical studies. Simultaneously the number of IPD meta-analyses (IPDMAs) is increasing. However, rates of data retrieval have not improved. Our goal was to describe the challenges of retrieving IPD for an IPDMA and provide practica...
The evidence base available to trialists to support trial process decisions– e.g. how best to recruit and retain participants, how to collect data or how to share the results with participants – is thin. One way to fill gaps in evidence is to run Studies Within A Trial, or SWATs. These are self-contained research studies embedded within a host tria...
Background Current guidelines for the management of bronchiectasis (BE) highlight the lack of evidence to recommend mucoactive agents, such as hypertonic saline (HTS) and carbocisteine, to aid sputum-removal as part of standard care. We hypothesise that mucoactive agents (HTS or cabocisteine, or a combination) are effective in reducing exacerbation...
The revised edition of the Handbook offers the only guide on how to conduct, report and maintain a Cochrane Review.
The second edition of The Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions contains essential guidance for preparing and maintaining Cochrane Reviews of the effects of health interventions. Designed to be an accessible resou...
Objective
Dissemination of research findings is central to research integrity and promoting discussion of new knowledge and its potential for translation into practice and policy. We investigated the frequency and format of dissemination to trial participants and patient groups.
Design
Survey of authors of clinical trials indexed in PubMed in 2014...
Background:
Core outcome sets (COS) have the potential to reduce waste in research by improving the consistency of outcomes measured in trials of the same health condition. However, this reduction in waste will only be realised through the uptake of COS by clinical trialists. Without uptake, the continued development of COS that are not implemente...
Background:
There has been a growing interest in understanding the effects of social networks on health-related behaviour, with a particular backdrop being the emerging prominence of complexity or systems science in public health. Social network interventions specifically use or alter the characteristics of social networks to generate, accelerate,...
Background:
Constipation is a common symptom for patients receiving palliative care. Whilst international clinical guidelines are available on the clinical management of constipation for people with advanced cancer receiving specialist palliative care (SPC), the extent to which the guidelines are implemented in practice is unclear. This study aime...
Objectives:
Our objective was to obtain international consensus on a set of core outcome measures that should be recorded in all clinical trials of interventions intended to modify the duration of ventilation for invasively mechanically ventilated patients in the ICU.
Design:
A two-stage consensus process was undertaken between December 2015 and...
Objectives:
The objective of this study was to assess the uptake of the rheumatoid arthritis core outcome set (RA-COS) using data from multiple data providers, and to investigate factors that may influence this uptake.
Study design and setting:
An observational review was carried out on all clinical trials of rheumatoid arthritis that were index...
Background:
Infectious disease epidemics are a constant threat, and while we can strengthen preparedness in advance, inevitably, we will sometimes be caught unaware by novel outbreaks. To address the challenge of rapidly identifying clinical research priorities in those circumstances, we developed and piloted a protocol for carrying out a systemat...
Objectives:
The aim of the study was to examine the effect of providing a financial incentive to authors of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) to obtain individual patient data (IPD).
Study design and setting:
Parallel-group RCT with authors identified in the RCTs eligible for two systematic reviews. The authors were randomly allocated to the int...
Introduction
Resilience can be difficult to conceptualise and little is known about resilience in medical doctors.
Aims
This systematic review discusses the existing literature on influences on resilience levels of medical doctors.
Methods
The bibliographic databases PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE and PsycINFO were searched from 2008 to November 2018 us...
Objective: Knowledge about labour characteristics of women achieving successful vaginal birth after caesarean section (VBAC) might be used to improve labour and birth management. This study examined sociodemographic and labour process-related factors regarding a) differences between countries, b) the comparison of successful VBAC with unplanned cae...
We welcome de Mik and colleagues’ review1 of shared decision-making (SDM) in surgery. SDM is a vital component of an effective informed consent process. It promotes patient autonomy and goes some way to ensuring that patients are given the material information before arriving at a considered decision. This is even more relevant in light of the Mont...
Background
In the UK, macular laser is the treatment of choice for people with diabetic macular oedema with central retinal subfield thickness (CST) < 400 μm, as per National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidelines. It remains unclear whether subthreshold micropulse laser is superior and should replace standard threshold laser for the t...
Background
Several hundred core outcome set (COS) projects have been systematically identified to date which, if adopted, ensure that researchers measure and report those outcomes that are most likely to be relevant to users of their research. The uptake of a COS by COS users will depend in part on the transparency and robustness of the methods use...
Background: Current guidelines for the management of bronchiectasis (BE) highlight the lack of evidence to recommend mucoactive agents, such as hypertonic saline (HTS) and carbocisteine, to aid sputum-removal as part of standard care. We hypothesise that mucoactive agents (HTS or cabocisteine, or a combination) are effective in reducing exacerbatio...
Abstract Six years after the launch of Systematic Reviews by Biomed Central, this article is part of the celebration of the journal. It contains personal reflections on the past, present and future of systematic reviews, using examples relevant to the role of systematic reviews in cataloguing and analysing research, assessing quality and planning n...
ct-17-0208-File006 – Supplemental material for Development of an online resource for recruitment research in clinical trials to organise and map current literature
ct-17-0208-File007 – Supplemental material for Development of an online resource for recruitment research in clinical trials to organise and map current literature
796156_supp_mat – Supplemental material for Development of an online resource for recruitment research in clinical trials to organise and map current literature
Randomised trials are a central component of all evidence-informed health care systems and the evidence coming from them helps to support health care users, health professionals and others to make more informed decisions about treatment. The evidence available to trialists to support decisions on design, conduct and reporting of randomised trials i...
Purpose
To evaluate the effect of non-pharmacological interventions versus standard care on incidence and duration of delirium in critically ill patients.
Methods
We searched electronic and grey literature for randomised clinical trials up to March 2018. Two reviewers independently screened, selected and extracted data. Meta-analysis was undertake...
Background:
Evidence about the effectiveness of music therapy for improving the quality of life of palliative care patients is positive but weak in terms of risk of bias.
Methods:
This study aimed to determine the feasibility of a randomised controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness of music therapy for improving the quality of life of hosp...
Background
The concept of informed consent is fundamental to medical practice. Shortcomings in the process can lead to patient complaints, litigation, unmet expectations and poor outcomes. Consent research has focused on developing tools to improve patient recall and understanding. However, the definitions, methods of measurement and timing of meas...
Background
The recruitment and retention of patients are significant methodological challenges for trials. Whilst research has focussed on recruitment, the failure to retain recruited patients and collect outcome data can lead to additional problems and potentially biased results. Research to identify effective retention strategies has focussed on...
The evidence base available to trialists to support trial process decisions– e.g. how best to recruit and retain participants, how to collect data or how to share the results with participants – is thin. One way to fill gaps in evidence is to run Studies Within A Trial, or SWATs. These are self-contained research studies embedded within a host tria...
Background
Site performance is key to the success of large multicentre randomised trials. A standardised set of clear and accessible summaries of site performance could facilitate the timely identification and resolution of potential problems, minimising their impact.
The aim of this study was to identify and agree a core set of key performance met...
Background
Striae gravidarum (stretch marks) are considered the most common connective tissue/skin change in pregnancy. Though not a health issue they can affect women in different ways, for example, cause stress or be an aesthetic or cosmetic concern. Many women use one or more of the commercially available products to try and prevent their develo...
Background: The Self-Management Open Online Trials in Health (SMOOTH) survey reports methods as well as researcher preferences in online trials and explores to what extent public and participant involvement in online trials occurs. This survey queried researchers’ experience in online trials and their perceived value in terms of public and patient...
Background:
Randomised controlled trials are the cornerstone of evidence-based health care, yet many trials struggle with recruitment and retention. All too often the methodologies employed to address these problems are not evidence-based, as rigorous methodological research on these issues is rare. The current research sought to identify barriers...
Introduction
Music therapy aligns to the holistic approach to palliative and end-of-life care (PEOLC) with increased prevalence in PEOLC settings (Graham-Wisener et al. 2018). Despite this there is a dearth of high-quality evidence examining the impact of music therapy towards end of life on quality of life (McConnell et al. 2016).
Aims
The aim of...
Objective
Many journals permit authors to submit supplementary material for publication alongside the article. We explore the value, use and role of this material in biomedical journal articles from the perspectives of authors, peer reviewers and readers.
Design and setting
We conducted online surveys (November–December 2016) of corresponding auth...
Background:
Recruiting the target number of participants within the pre-specified time frame agreed with funders remains a common challenge in the completion of a successful clinical trial and addressing this is an important methodological priority. While there is growing research around recruitment, navigating this literature to support an eviden...
Background:
Around 30% of people who are admitted to hospital with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) will rebleed in the initial month after the haemorrhage if the aneurysm is not treated. The two most commonly used methods to occlude the aneurysm for prevention of rebleeding are microsurgical clipping of the neck of the aneurysm and occlu...
Background:
The growth of trials conducted over the internet has increased, but with little practical guidance for their conduct and it is sometimes challenging for researchers to adapt the conventions used in face-to-face trials and maintain the validity of the work.
Aim:
To systematically explore existing self-recruited online randomized trial...
Citations
... via telephone. This potential barrier can be addressed via trial embedded research or a "Study Within A Trial (SWAT)" [13]. ...
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... Moreover, current reports of virus transmission from asymptomatic individuals (Zheming et al., 2020). Infectious disease epidemics are a constant threat to everyone (Sigfrid et al., 2019). On July 24, 2020, WHO has reported more than 15 million confirmed COVID-19 cases and had over 600,000 deaths worldwide (World Health Organization, 2020). ...
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... Although a concentration-dependent response seems reasonable [20], these data (a non-significant slowing of axial elongation for 0.01% atropine over 24 months) contradict previous studies and only reflect experience over two years. While other physicians have tested the daily use of a 0.02% concentration [21], 0.01% atropine is currently the most commonly used and investigated agent in the United States, East Asia, and Europe [22][23][24][25]. ...
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... Knowing all the studies in a field helps focus on topics and research questions that require new studies. In addition, learning from earlier studies helps optimally design new studies (4,5). ...
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... The synthesis reported here is part of a larger research study to adapt an SRH intervention for adolescents in Southern Africa [22]. The project includes two linked reviews that used a common preregistered protocol [23] but reviewed qualitative and quantitative literature separately. ...
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... A total of three different scales were used in the Delphi survey: the ''Likert scale (79.2%),'' ''three-point scale (8.3%),'' and ''response options: yes/no/unsure or I do not know (8.3%).'' We compared the protocols with the full-text publications and found the following: (i) two COSs (8.3%) described the scale in the protocol but not in the full-text publication [33,34,43,44], (ii) one COS (4.2%) only described the scale in the full-text publications and not in the protocol [22,47], and (iii) one COS did not describe the scale in the protocol or the full-text publication [12,23]. ...
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... Ongoing research targeted at early rehabilitation and reducing PICU-acquired morbidities will provide increasing evidence on the efficacy of these interventions on clinical, patient-centered, as well as process of care outcomes, and how best to implement these multi-prong bundles in the PICU setting [128][129][130]. ...
... More information on the review design and methodology is available in the review protocol [19]. This rapid review was conducted as part of an ongoing systematic review that aims to identify the effective components and characteristics of interventions involving men and boys in LMICs in family planning [20]. ...
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... Ils revoient les différentes stratégies de prévention et de prise en charge, et analysent le caractère approprié de leur implémentation. Cette analyse se base sur une évaluation classique, contextualisée, de rapport risque/bénéfice et de niveau de preuve, similaire à ceux décrits dans les modèles méthodologiques de recherche [2]. En bref, il ne s'agit pas seulement qu'une stratégie soit raisonnablement la plus efficace, mais aussi qu'elle soit la moins invasive possible, la plus simple et la moins coûteuse, et finalement la plus acceptable, pour le patient comme pour les équipes. ...
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... We recommend the following societal and individual-level initiatives to defuse conspiracy beliefs and prevent them from cognitively crystalizing in the long run. These initiatives are conceived from empirical studies, professional reports, and successful measures involved in the adequate handling of past epidemics (Niang, 2015;Cohn and Kutalek, 2016;Baggio et al., 2019;Sigfrid et al., 2020). Studies have suggested that increasing the sense of control, perception of transparency, and selfaffirmation (i.e., asserting the values, meaning, and feelings of an individual) can decrease the strength of conspiracy beliefs (Whitson and Galinski, 2008;Carlsen and Glenton, 2016;Douglas et al., 2017;Poon et al., 2020;van Prooijen, 2020). ...
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