Michael I. Norton’s research while affiliated with Harvard University and other places

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Publications (233)


Retraction notice to “Don’t stop believing: Rituals improve performance by decreasing anxiety” [Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Process. 137C (2016) 71–85]
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November 2024

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132 Reads

Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes

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EXPRESS: “Repayment-by-Purchase” Increases Consumer Debt Repayment

June 2023

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38 Reads

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1 Citation

Journal of Marketing Research

This paper tests the effect of a novel credit card payment format – repayment-by-purchase – on consumers’ payments toward credit card debt. In contrast to typical balance repayment, where consumers make repayments relative to a total amount owed, repayment-by-purchase prompts consumers to select items (e.g., a Starbucks coffee) or categories of purchase (e.g., restaurant and café purchases), and to make payments toward their related debt. A field experiment first suggests that customers who opted into repayment-by-purchase paid 12.18% more toward their statement balance than a control group. Subsequently, five lab experiments show that consumers repaying-by-purchase increase repayment by an average of 22.47% over typical balance repayment. Process evidence suggests that these differences may be driven by repayment-by-purchase’s power to increase purchase salience, which in turns increases perceptions of progress toward reducing debt. Consistent with this theory, the effect of repayment-by-purchase on bill repayment emerges regardless of whether consumers repay durable vs. non-durable goods, and for specific items or categories of purchases, as long as the bill uses labels that are concrete enough to raise past purchase salience.


A desire to create shared memories increases consumers’ willingness to sacrifice experience quality for togetherness

April 2023

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29 Reads

Journal of Consumer Psychology

This work examines the trade‐offs that consumers in relationships make between the overall quality of an activity (i.e., experience quality) and the ability to share the activity in physical proximity to a relationship partner (i.e., togetherness). A pilot study and five experiments demonstrate that consumers value togetherness (vs. experience quality) relatively more when they share the experience with a close (vs. distant) relationship partner. Importantly, this work documents a novel mechanism underlying the value that consumers place on togetherness: a desire to create shared memories. Supportive of this mechanism, the extent to which consumers value togetherness (vs. experience quality) is increased when outcomes for the self and the partner are asymmetrical (vs. symmetrical) if choosing to be apart and is reduced when the experience is framed as utilitarian (vs. hedonic) and when consumers are reminded that they can create shared memories even when apart. Taken together, this work extends previous research on shared consumption by documenting a desire to create shared memories as a novel driver of consumer decision‐making in the context of close relationships.


Fig. 1. Schematic representing prototypical respondents low and high in: level of social interaction (one SD below vs. above the sample mean: low = 36%, high = 79%) and level of social portfolio diversity (one SD below vs. above the sample mean: H low = 0.78, H high = 1.71) in the French experience-sampling dataset (Study 4).
Fig. 2. Standardized relationship between social portfolio diversity and subjective well-being in all four datasets. This figure shows the relationship between portfolio diversity and global well-being in the preregistered dataset (β = 0.13, b = 0.54, 95% CI [0.15, 0.92], P = 0.007, n = 576; controlling for proportion of time spent socializing), quality of life in the ATUS dataset (β = 0.08, b = 0.34, 95% CI [0.27, 0.42], P < 0.001, n = 19,195; controlling for proportion of time socializing and activity diversity), life satisfaction in the SAGE dataset (β = 0.05, b = 0.08, 95% CI [0.04, 0.12], P < 0.001, n = 8,824; controlling for proportion of time socializing and activity diversity), and global happiness in the French experience-sampling dataset (β = 0.04, b = 1.33, 95% CI [0.85, 1.81], P < 0.001, n = 21,645, edf = 1.72; controlling for proportion of time socializing and activity diversity).
Fig. 3. Results from SCA for each dataset, showing the standardized regression coefficient for each model specification (x axes show the model numbers, which are sorted from smallest to largest effect size). (A) SCA results on our preregistered dataset, with the raw association (no controls) between portfolio diversity and global well-being in red. (B) SCA results for the ATUS data, with the raw association (no controls) between portfolio and quality of life in red, and subjective ratings of health in orange. (C) SCA results the SAGE dataset, with the raw association (no controls) between portfolio diversity and life satisfaction in red, subjective health in orange, and number of overnight hospital visits in the past 12 mo in yellow. (D) SCA results for the French experiencesampling dataset, with the raw association (no controls) between portfolio diversity and global happiness in red, positive emotion in orange, and negative emotion (reverse coded) in yellow.
Relational diversity in social portfolios predicts well-being
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  • Full-text available

October 2022

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621 Reads

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19 Citations

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

We document a link between the relational diversity of one's social portfolio-the richness and evenness of relationship types across one's social interactions-and well-being. Across four distinct samples, respondents from the United States who completed a preregistered survey (n = 578), respondents to the American Time Use Survey (n = 19,197), respondents to the World Health Organization's Study on Global Aging and Adult Health (n = 10,447), and users of a French mobile application (n = 21,644), specification curve analyses show that the positive relationship between social portfolio diversity and well-being is robust across different metrics of well-being, different categorizations of relationship types, and the inclusion of a wide range of covariates. Over and above people's total amount of social interaction and the diversity of activities they engage in, the relational diversity of their social portfolio is a unique predictor of well-being, both between individuals and within individuals over time.

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Opportunity Neglect: An Aversion to Low-Probability Gains

September 2022

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38 Reads

Psychological Science

Seven preregistered studies ( N = 2,890, adult participants) conducted in the field, in the lab, and online documented opportunity neglect: a tendency to reject opportunities with low probability of success even when they come with little or no objective cost (e.g., time, money, reputation). Participants rejected a low-probability opportunity in an everyday context (Study 1). Participants also rejected incentive-compatible gambles with positive expected value—for both goods (Study 2) and money (Studies 3–7)—even with no possibility of monetary loss and nontrivial rewards (e.g., a 1% chance at $99). Participants rejected low-probability opportunities more frequently than high-probability opportunities with equal expected value (Study 3). Although taking some real-life opportunities comes with costs, we show that people are even willing to incur costs to opt out of low-probability opportunities (Study 4). Opportunity neglect can be mitigated by highlighting that rejecting an opportunity is equivalent to choosing a zero probability of success (Studies 6–7).


Seven recommendations to conduct relevant and rigorous research for the greater good
Reaching for Rigor and Relevance: Better Marketing Research for a Better World

September 2022

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1,603 Reads

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14 Citations

Marketing Letters

Over the past several decades, scholars have highlighted the obligations and opportunities for marketing as a discipline to play a role in creating a better world-or risk becoming irrelevant for the largest problems facing consumers and society. This paper provides a framework to enhance the relevance and rigor of research in marketing that not only contributes new knowledge to science, but also makes a positive difference in the world. To make such impact, we urge authors and reviewers to foster cross-fertilization from different theoretical and methodological silos, to bolster robustness through multiple methods, and to expand the domain of research to explore different populations and cultures. In doing so, we hope to encourage further consideration of the role of marketing scholarship in providing a novel lens into potential solutions for societal concerns.


Citations (83)


... Chin and Bruine de Bruin (2019) show that financial disclosure, including graphs with distributional information about the costs of credit cards, improves consumers' understanding of the cost of credit cards. Donnelly, Lamberton, Bush, Chance, and Norton (2024) allow people to repay their credit card debts by expenditure category, with each category shown in a graphical block. While these studies often draw on the idea that graphical representations might enhance comprehension or highlight critical information about credit card payments, they do not specifically test the effects of such graphical elements. ...

Reference:

Improving Financial Wellbeing, One Nudge at a Time
EXPRESS: “Repayment-by-Purchase” Increases Consumer Debt Repayment
  • Citing Article
  • June 2023

Journal of Marketing Research

... Others may help to establish networks of various flexible and loose relationships, in the sense of the 'weak ties' that in sociology have been suggested as a central resource for people already 50 years ago (Granovetter, 1973). Weak ties widen the options for exchange, for further contacts, and for both providing and finding variable support when needed (Collins, Hagerty, Quoidbach, Norton, & Brooks, 2022;Moreton, Kelly, & Sandstrom, 2023). ...

Relational diversity in social portfolios predicts well-being

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

... For example, Bone, Christensen, and Williams (2014) studied the stigmatization of racial and ethnic minorities and found that the self-concept of African American and Hispanic consumers is negatively impacted by financial services providers' poor treatment of minority customers compared to White customers. Other work addressing how consumers have been targeted shows that advertising in a stereotypical manner or using identity-relevant symbols that may be linked to negative mental associations results in negative evaluations from the targeted consumer (Kim et al. 2023;Rank-Christman and Henderson 2019). Crockett (2008) examined how marketers use and portray Blackness in advertising, identifying two strategies: making claims about the brand as a cultural resource or emphasizing differences or similarities to make claims about the viewer. ...

Calculators for Women: When Identity-Based Appeals Alienate Consumers
  • Citing Article
  • September 2022

Journal of the Association for Consumer Research

... Relevance in marketing academia can be defined as scholarly research addressing questions that are important for marketing managers, policy makers, marketing educators and students, marketing research scholars, and/or society and environment at large (Madan et al., 2023;Madhavaram, 2024;Reibstein et al., 2009;Varadarajan, 2003). Relevant research concentrates on antecedents that these stakeholders can influence or manipulate and/or on dependent variables denoting consequents that hold significance for these stakeholders. ...

Reaching for Rigor and Relevance: Better Marketing Research for a Better World

Marketing Letters

... Finally, higher individual income may be a resource buffering against the adverse effects of separation. Generally, relationship dissolution often comes with an income loss, especially so for women (Manting & Bouman, 2006), and decreases in income are associated with decreases in life satisfaction (Boyce et al., 2013;De Neve et al., 2015). Thus, the level of income may affect how individuals cope with a breakup. ...

The Asymmetric Experience of Positive and Negative Economic Growth: Global Evidence Using Subjective Well-Being Data
  • Citing Article
  • January 2015

SSRN Electronic Journal

... Many local food schemes fall within the former category, with appeals to support local farmers and producers (Young, 2022). For beneficiaries outside of the exchange relationship, common types include charitable donations linked to purchases and cause awareness raising campaigns such as those for breast cancer (Donnelly et al., 2021;Singh and Dhir, 2019). ...

The short and long-run impact of empowering customers in corporate social responsibility initiatives
  • Citing Article
  • December 2021

Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization

... Research finds that income inequality affects individuals' well-being and behaviors (Schneider, 2016), increasing concerns for fairness and equality (Oishi et al., 2011), and motivating strategies to restore equality in social institutions (Ordabayeva & Lisjak, 2022). Equalitydriven motivations influence both citizenship decisions, such as endorsing tax redistribution policies (Chow & Galak, 2012;Goya-Tocchetto & Payne, 2022), and consumption decisions, such as supporting businesses that are egalitarian oriented (Acar et al., 2021;Ordabayeva & Lisjak, 2022) or rejecting businesses that perpetuate inequality (Hagerty et al., 2022). These behaviors imply that consumer ideologies-the ideas and ideals that consumers hold regarding the marketplace (Schmitt et al., 2022)-underpin decisions to reduce income inequality. ...

Economic Inequality Shapes Judgments of Consumption
  • Citing Article
  • October 2021

Journal of Consumer Psychology

... Regardless, the essence of leisure resides in its subjective meaning, as was well demonstrated empirically by Tonietto et al. (2021). Their findings indicated that perceiving leisure as wasteful correlated with lower happiness and greater depression, anxiety, and stress. ...

Viewing leisure as wasteful undermines enjoyment
  • Citing Article
  • November 2021

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

... The relationship strength of these social connections is determined by the emotional intimacy and feelings of connectedness shared between individuals (Aron et al., 1992;Granovetter, 1973). Strong social connections typically involve relationships with family members, close friends, and significant others and are characterized by numerous interactions, shared experiences, and feelings of affection (Garcia-Rada et al., 2022;Krackhardt et al., 2003). Weak social connections, on the other hand, typically involve relationships with acquaintances and distant others that are less developed. ...

Consumers Value Effort over Ease When Caring for Close Others
  • Citing Article
  • June 2021

Journal of Consumer Research

... Instead, they engage in the practice of sharing emotional energy with others, encompassing the sharing of feelings of elation, enthusiasm, strength, or initiative (Collins, 2004;Lepisto, 2022). This process enables them to cultivate a sense of meaningfulness toward their work, which reflects the extent to which individuals perceive their job as meaningful, valuable, and worthwhile (Hackman & Oldham, 1976;Kim et al., 2021). In turn, this perception affects employees' behavioral reactions. ...

Work group rituals enhance the meaning of work
  • Citing Article
  • July 2021

Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes