Michael Gelder's research while affiliated with University of Oxford and other places

... Avoidance of awareness of these emotions (i.e., alexithymia) could therefore be interpreted as a psychological defense strategy to protect against the pain of rejection through a general avoidance (Bilotta et al., 2016;Lampe & Malhi, 2018). Too much avoidance of awareness of emotions is considered maladaptive, because it may maintain unrealistic beliefs about the threatening situation and emotions (Salkovskis, 1991;Wells et al., 2016) and contribute to the development and maintenance of psychopathology (Helbig-Lang & Petermann, 2010;Lampe & Malhi, 2018). Therefore, our results suggest that, in treatment, attention should be given to avoidance of awareness of emotions in the treatment of individuals with high levels of both Negative Affect and Detachment to diminish their distress, teaching them coping skills to deal with the associated emotions, and to decrease avoidance tendencies. ...

... The efficacy of CBT has also been established for the treatment for generalized anxiety disorder (Butler et al., 1991;Durham et al., 1994;Linden et al., 2005;Carpenter et al., 2018) and social anxiety disorder (Heimberg et al., 1990;Gelernter et al., 1991;Davidson et al., 2004;Clark et al., 2006;Carpenter et al., 2018). Exposure and response prevention (ERP), a treatment that is primarily behavioral in focus, is the best established therapy for OCD, whether alone or typically combined with CBT in comprehensive treatment packages (Salkovskis & Westbrook, 1989;James & Blackburn, 1995;Simpson et al., 2008). ...

... These refer to companies who struggle with a shortage of goods and services, marketing strategies during a severe and lasting recession (Naidoo 2010), reputational and product-harm crises (Gao, Xie, Wang, and Wilbur 2015). In marketing, a crisis refers to a large-scale situation that causes a drastic and negative impact on manufacturers, their customers, competitors, employees, and other relevant stakeholders (see Clark 1988; Grewal and Tansuhaj 2001). The objective of this paper is to identify the chances and challenges caused by COVID-19 as they are associated with B2B sales and purchasing interactions. ...

... Situational exposure has been central to the psychological treatment of agoraphobic individuals for decades. Although variations in procedures exist, effective exposure involves repeated contact with the avoided situation while the client experiences moderate levels of anxiety (Gelder, 1991). See Hazlett-Stevens and Craske (2003) for a description of in vivo exposure procedures. ...

... Current teaching models in psychiatry and mental health differ across the world due to historical factors and geographical perspectives on health and the health needs and priorities of countries. While the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) and the World Federation for Medical Education advocated for integrating psychiatry into undergraduate medical education in a landmark report in 1998 (Gelder 1998), major disparities exist even in the structure of courses worldwide. A recent survey of medical students across the world, co-developed by WPA and the International Federation of Medical Students, revealed disparities in the length of psychiatry courses across 83 countries. ...

... Although the particular form of behavioural treatment may differ depending on diagnosis, it targets the same principles and processes in each instance. Variants of behavioural treatments have been successful in treating a moderate proportion of people with just about every form of anxiety disorder, (Coffey, Stasiewicz, Hughes & Brimo, 2006;Lee, et al., 2006;Wolpe, 1987b;Hand, 2000;Cox, Endler, Lee & Swinson, 1992;de Beurs, van Balkom, Lange, Koele, & van Dyck, 1995;Gelder, 1979;Franklin, Abramowitz, Kozak, Lewitt & Foa, 2000;Grayson, Foa & Steketee, 1986;Muris, Mayer, & Merckelbach, 1998;Buchanan & Houlihan, 2008;Egbochuku & Obodo, 2005;Wald & Taylor, 2005;Wald & Taylor, 2008). ...

... 4. A variety of studies have shown that the same drug may be effective for disorders of different symptomology. For example, clomipramine, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, monoamine oxidase inhibitors , and tricyclic antidepressants are effective in the treatment of both OCD (e.g., Abramowitz, 1997; Demal, Zitterl, Lenz, Zapotoczky, & Zitterl-Eglseer, 1996; Park, Jefferson, & Greist, 1997; Piccinelli, Pini, Bellantuono, & Wilkinson, 1995; Van Balkom et al., 1994) and agoraphobia and panic disorders (e.g., Alexander, 1991; Black, Wesner, Bowers, & Gabel, 1993; Burrows, Judd, & Norman, 1993; Gelder, 1992; Klerman, 1992; Westenberg, 1996). Similar results were reported for eating disorders (e.g., Hoffman & Halmi, 1993; Wolfe, 1995). ...

... Clinical interventions which incorporate the identification and assessment of perceptions of chance and powerful others in panic disorder and social phobia may show enhanced efficacy. Indeed, recent successful cognitive behavioral treatments of panic disorder involve the identification of internal or external cues that trigger panic attacks, so that the client may develop a sense of predictability, and thus a sense of control, about the attacks (Barlow & Cerny, 1988;Clark, 1986). Similarly, current cognitive-behavioral treatments of social phobia focus not only on clients' negatively colored beliefs about others' perceptions of them but also on their limited expectations concerning their ability to participate in and guide the outcome of social interactions (Heimberg, 1990; Heimberg, Dodge, Hope, Kennedy, Zollo, & Becker, 1990). ...

... A replication of the Mathews et al. home-based treatment program (Jannoun, Munby, Catalan, & Gelder, 1980) provided additional evidence for the efficacy of this self-directed exposure treatment. Twenty-eight women with agoraphobia were randomly assigned to the self-directed exposure program or a problem-solving control condition. ...

... This anxiety is frequently associated with avoidance of the anxiety-inducing situation and/or performance of safety behaviors (e.g., hand-washing compulsions in case of obsessive-compulsive disorder) to prevent or reduce anxiety. However, such avoidance and safety behaviors are ultimately counterproductive because they sustain the anxiety and prevent the individual from responding flexibly and learning that the feared consequences do not occur (Foa and Kozak, 1986;Salkovskis et al., 1996). Exposure-based psychotherapies aim to tackle this behavioral inflexibility by systematically guiding patients to approach anxiety-provoking situations they would rather avoid. ...