Michael Eid’s research while affiliated with Freie Universität Berlin and other places

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Publications (275)


Longitudinal associations between well-being, hair cortisol, and self-reported health
  • Article
  • Full-text available

February 2025

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26 Reads

Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being

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Michael Eid

This pre‐registered study examines the longitudinal relationships between well‐being, hair cortisol (a biomarker linked to poor health), and self‐reported health. Accumulated cortisol output over three months was determined quarterly over the course of one year using hair samples. Well‐being was assessed as affective well‐being (via experience sampling), cognitive well‐being (i.e., life satisfaction), and eudaimonic well‐being (via the Ryff Scales of Psychological Well‐Being). Self‐reported health was measured using one item on the current state of health. The longitudinal analyses allowed for disentangling initial between‐person differences from within‐person changes and were based on a large panel study of working‐age people (N = 726). The results indicate that hair cortisol levels were generally not associated with any of the examined well‐being facets, regardless of the level of analysis. Further, deviations from well‐being trait levels were not linked to subsequent within‐person changes in hair cortisol (and vice versa), challenging the notion that cortisol output is a key physiological pathway through which well‐being improves health. In contrast, self‐reported health was positively correlated with affective, cognitive, and eudaimonic well‐being at both the trait and within‐person levels, whereas deviations from well‐being trait levels were generally not associated with subsequent within‐person changes in self‐reported health, and vice versa.

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Number of publications per year. Search in web of science (on 30/10/2024) with search string DT: “Dark Triad” AND “Personality,” and DT and Short Instrument: (“SD3” OR “Short Dark Triad” OR “Dirty Dozen” OR “DTDD”) AND “dark triad” OR “dark tetrad”.
(A) Model with three correlated factors, (B) Orthogonal Bifactor Model, (C) Bifactor-(S-1) Model, (D) Bifactor-(S·I-1) model. Si = Specific Factor i, Yij = Item j of Factor i, εij = Residuum of Item Yij, G = General Factor, GRFS1 = General reference factor, with Factor S1 as reference, GRFY11 = General reference factor, with Item Y11 as reference.
Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) flowchart of search procedure.
Standardized parameter estimates for different bifactor models for DD data.
Measuring the dark triad: a meta-analytical SEM study of two prominent short scales

This research examines the factor structure and psychometric properties of two well-known Dark Triad personality trait questionnaires: the Short Dark Triad (SD3) and the Dirty Dozen (DD). By analyzing data from 11 (SD3) and 5 (DD) carefully selected studies in the United States and Canada, this meta-analysis uncovers unexpected correlations among questionnaire items, challenging existing assumptions. The study employs a two-stage structural equation modeling approach to evaluate various measurement models. Conventional models, such as the correlated factor and orthogonal bifactor models, fail to explain the irregular correlations. For Dirty Dozen items, a bifactor-(S·I-1) model is more suitable than the orthogonal bifactor model, significantly affecting interpretation. On the other hand, the complex structure of the SD3 necessitates item revision to enhance reliability, discriminant validity, and predictive validity. These findings emphasize the need for refining and clarifying concepts in item revision. Furthermore, the research highlights the overlap between Machiavellianism and psychopathy, particularly in relation to revenge-related items, suggesting the need for differentiation between these traits or the identification of distinct core characteristics.



Global health resource distribution during COVID-19 and in future pandemics: Here’s what people say

October 2024

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24 Reads

The European Journal of Public Health

During the COVID-19 pandemic, countless individuals across the world needed novel and sophisticated health care resources simultaneously, leading to dramatic global shortages. How to distribute resources in such situations? This dilemma is neither new nor understudied: Its complexity is well known to medical ethicists, public health scientists and philosophers. Building on this knowledge, powerful global distribution frameworks were proposed already early into the pandemic. Despite this knowledge, no globally consensual regulations existed (and exist) on the political sphere. Worse still, numerous countries hoarded resources for themselves, increasing global inequalities and prolonging the pandemic for everyone. For future emergencies, it is thus necessary to develop immediately applicable strategies. Because public acceptance is key for such interventions, evidence on the public opinion towards allocation principles is strongly needed. In 2021, we asked representative samples of N = 2694 adults in England and Germany to rate seven COVID-19-specific global allocation principles. In line with literature on justice attitudes in general, extensions of bifactor(S-1) models showed that participants would have preferred a more equity- or equality-based global resource distribution during the pandemic, presenting themselves as more cosmopolitan than global leaders. Trying to understand these attitudes better, we tested preregistered hypotheses on relations with other constructs and found positive associations between equity- and equality-directed preferences and global human identification, among others. To ensure generalisability on future pandemics, we collected data from a second cohort in spring 2024. All results will be presented in detail. With their responses, European citizens call upon the development of fairer and more efficient global distribution mechanisms. This global public health perspective could inform preparations for future global emergencies. Key messages • European citizens would have preferred a more equity- or equality-based global distribution of scarce health care resources during the COVID-19 pandemic than global leaders organised. • Citizens’ global perspective on public health and their strong emphasis on global fairness should inform preparations for future pandemics and other global emergencies.


Structural Equation Modeling of Multiple Rater Data

October 2024

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54 Reads

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3 Citations

The use of multiple raters can improve the validity of conclusions made on self- (and other) reports of emotions, attitudes, goals, and self-perceptions of personality. Yet analyzing these ratings requires special psychometric models that take into account the specific nature of these data. From leading authorities, this book offers the first comprehensive introduction to structural equation modeling (SEM) of multiple rater data. Rather than taking a one-size-fits-all approach, the book shows how the choice of a model should be guided by measurement design and purpose. Practical recommendations are provided for selecting suitable measurement designs, raters, and psychometric models. Models for different combinations of rater types and for cross-sectional as well as longitudinal research designs are described step by step, with a strong emphasis on the substantive meaning of the latent variables in the models. User-friendly features include equation boxes, application boxes, and a companion website with Mplus and R lavaan code for the book’s examples.


Collecting Hair Samples in Online Panel Surveys: Participation Rates, Selective Participation, and Effects on Attrition

August 2024

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21 Reads

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1 Citation

Survey Research Methods

Combining survey data with biological information allows examining complex interrelationships between a person’s physiological status and behavioral or health-related outcomes. Given the increasing importance of online surveys and smartphone-based research, a crucial question is whether biomarker collection can be embedded in online surveys without any face-to-face interaction. The present study addresses this question and investigated participation rates and selective participation in a longitudinal hair collection study that was embedded within an app-based smartphone panel survey on the well-being of German jobseekers. The study further examined the association between participating in the first hair collection wave and panel attrition. The results indicate that the vast majority (81%) of individuals was willing to participate in the first hair collection wave with only a few selection effects. Only older age and higher levels of perceived stress were modestly associated with the stated willingness to participate in the first hair collection wave. The strongest selectivity was induced by the inevitable exclusion of individuals with short hair styles, which led to an underrepresentation of men. Furthermore, respondents’ purported willingness to participate in the first hair collection wave and their actual participation was largely disconnected. This lack of compliance decreased in subsequent collection waves. Notably, participating in the first hair collection wave was positively related to long-term panel participation. Overall, the study underlines the general feasibility of integrating biomarker collections into online surveys.


Longitudinal relationships between depressive symptoms, functional impairment, and physical activity in later late life

July 2024

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29 Reads

GeroScience

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Madeline Wood Alexander

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The purpose of this study was to investigate relationships between depressive symptoms, functional disability, and physical activity over time in community-dwelling older adults. The Religious Order Study and Rush Memory and Aging Project are longitudinal cohort studies based in the United States which began recruitment in 1994 and 1997, respectively. This analysis included 1611 participants (27.4% male, 92.9% White, 74.7% cognitively normal) who were included at age 80 and followed until age 90. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the modified Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale. Functional disability was assessed using the Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) scale. Physical activity was self-reported hours of weekly exercise. Reciprocal temporal relationships between these variables were investigated using a random intercept cross-lagged panel model, which decomposes observed variables into stable between-person (‘trait’) and variable within-person (‘state’) components to estimate the directional effects between variables over time. Traits for depressive symptoms, IADL disability, and physical activity were correlated. IADL disability showed autoregressive effects; disability starting at age 82 strongly predicted subsequent disability. Consistent autoregressive effects were not observed for depressive symptoms nor physical activity. Several small cross-lagged effects between states were observed for IADL disability and physical activity, as well as for IADL disability and depressive symptoms. There were no direct effects between depressive symptoms and physical activity, but several paths through IADL disability were observed between ages 82 and 88. Functional disability played an important role in octogenarians, highlighting the importance of maintaining functional independence later in life.


Fig. 1 Class-specific category characteristic curves for the flourishing items in the self-chosen condition (values represent the categories with the highest response probability on a particular latent segment)
Fig. 2 Class-specific category characteristic curves for the flourishing items in the given condition (values represent the categories with the highest response probability on a particular latent segment)
Fig. 3 Expected relative frequencies for the flourishing items in the self-chosen condition
Psychometric benefits of self-chosen rating scales over given rating scales

May 2024

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112 Reads

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1 Citation

Behavior Research Methods

Rating scales are susceptible to response styles that undermine the scale quality. Optimizing a rating scale can tailor it to individuals’ cognitive abilities, thereby preventing the occurrence of response styles related to a suboptimal response format. However, the discrimination ability of individuals in a sample may vary, suggesting that different rating scales may be appropriate for different individuals. This study aims to examine (1) whether response styles can be avoided when individuals are allowed to choose a rating scale and (2) whether the psychometric properties of self-chosen rating scales improve compared to given rating scales. To address these objectives, data from the flourishing scale were used as an illustrative example. MTurk workers from Amazon’s Mechanical Turk platform ( N = 7042) completed an eight-item flourishing scale twice: (1) using a randomly assigned four-, six-, or 11-point rating scale, and (2) using a self-chosen rating scale. Applying the restrictive mixed generalized partial credit model (rmGPCM) allowed examination of category use across the conditions. Correlations with external variables were calculated to assess the effects of the rating scales on criterion validity. The results revealed consistent use of self-chosen rating scales, with approximately equal proportions of the three response styles. Ordinary response behavior was observed in 55–58% of individuals, which was an increase of 12–15% compared to assigned rating scales. The self-chosen rating scales also exhibited superior psychometric properties. The implications of these findings are discussed.



Stability and Change of Spirituality following Childbirth: Longitudinal Evidence from Data of the Swiss Household Panel Using Multiple Propensity Score Matching Analyses

April 2024

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16 Reads

The birth of a child typically transcends parents’ daily lives and is frequently described as spiritual experience in qualitative interview studies. Yet, little is known on medium- or long-term effects of becoming parents on individuals’ spirituality. Often defined as “search for the sacred” (Pargament, 1999, p. 12), spirituality is commonly conceptualised more broadly than religiosity. Its lifespan development and reactivity to life events are not yet systematically understood and existing evidence often does not allow for causal conclusions. Addressing this research gap, our study seeks to provide precise, robust and causal insights on spiritual stability and change following childbirth.We compared Swiss Household Panel (SHP) participants who had become parents for the first time between 2015 and 2018 to propensity score matched childless and multiparous parent controls using longitudinal pre- and post-birth spirituality data. Across multiple robustness conditions regarding covariate selection, manifest and structural equation modelling analyses suggested a large average medium-term stability in spirituality (r ≥ .87; ≥. 95) and no spiritual change following childbirth in the N = 138 first-time parents compared to the matched controls.Given this extreme average stability, future research should focus on differential trajectories rather than average effects when studying how spirituality evolves.


Citations (65)


... Individuals who had already entered unemployment (N cohort1 = 1,446, N cohort2 = 711) or who had been employed for less than six months (N cohort1 = 216, N cohort2 = 99) were excluded. Further, one-third of all individuals of the first cohort (N = 950) were randomly excluded after the entry survey to investigate the role of survey participation on employment-related outcomes (see Stephan et al., 2024). Individuals were also excluded when they did not submit the entry survey (N cohort1 = 246, N cohort2 = 121) or when they did not participate in the GJSP after the entry survey (N cohort1 = 302, N cohort2 = 51). ...

Reference:

Longitudinal associations between well-being, hair cortisol, and self-reported health
Feeling Observed? A Field Experiment on the Effects of Intense Survey Participation on Job Seekers' Labour Market Outcomes
  • Citing Article
  • January 2024

SSRN Electronic Journal

... These kits contained detailed instructions for hair removal, loops to fixate the hair strands, aluminum foil for dry and dark shipping, a prepaid return envelope, and a paper-pencil questionnaire to assess factors that may confound hair cortisol values, such as hair color, frequency of hair washing and cortisone-based medication. 3 Respondents were asked to send in three hair strands of 3 mm diameter within 10 days after receiving the collection kit (for details on the hair collection see Lawes et al., 2024). Previous research has emphasized that self-collection of hair samples is a cost-effective procedure that produces results very similar to those of professionally collected samples (Enge et al., 2020). ...

Collecting Hair Samples in Online Panel Surveys: Participation Rates, Selective Participation, and Effects on Attrition
  • Citing Article
  • August 2024

Survey Research Methods

...  361 surement invariance across raters can be defined by restrictions on the parameters of the latent MTMM model with correlated first-order factors (with and without indicator-specific factors; see Eid, Geiser, Koch, & Nussbeck, 2022). The CTC(M-1) model (with and without indicator-specific factors) can also be restricted, such that it is data-equivalent to the respective model with a correlated first-order factor. ...

Structural Equation Modeling of Multiple Rater Data
  • Citing Book
  • October 2024

... Second, the number of response categories used to implement Likert-type scales may heavily impact psychometric properties, and selecting an appropriate number is not straightforward (see, e.g. Kutscher & Eid, 2024, for a discussion). VASs entirely avoid such issues. ...

Psychometric benefits of self-chosen rating scales over given rating scales

Behavior Research Methods

... Alternative bifactor models have already been proposed to address the criticisms of the original orthogonal bifactor model (Eid, 2020;Eid et al., 2017;Koch and Eid, 2023). For instance, the bifactor-(S·I-1) model (see Figure 2D) has been suggested. ...

Augmented Bifactor Models and Bifactor-(S-1) Models are Identical. A Comment on Zhang, Luo, Zhang, Sun & Zhang (2023)

... Here, the Chi-Square value is 4.23 with 15 degrees of freedom (df). The p-value for this Chi-Square statistic is 0.99, implying a good fit, as a p-value close to 1 indicates no significant disparity between the observed and expected covariance matrices [43]. The Chi-Square/df (χ²/df) ratio assesses model fit while accounting for sample size and model complexity. ...

Applying the Robust Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test to Multilevel Multitrait-Multimethod Models: A Monte Carlo Simulation Study on Statistical Performance

... Specifically, life events that are supposedly similar (e.g., two individuals experiencing unemployment) can differ substantially in the ways they are subjectively experienced, in the context in which they occur, and in the changes they may elicit in people's everyday life (Haehner, Kritzler, et al., 2024;Lawes et al., 2024;Luhmann et al., 2021). Thus, it is likely that life events affect people's personality traits and well-being in idiosyncratic ways, with pronounced effects for some people but not for others. ...

Examining interindividual differences in unemployment-related changes in subjective well-being: The role of psychological well-being and re-employment expectations

European Journal of Personality

... The pre-pandemic-to-pandemic drop in life satisfaction between 2018/2019 and May/June 2020 by an average of 1.00 points (on a scale 0-10) is qualitatively and quantitatively comparable to the drop by 1.10 points (on a scale 1-10) in our study. Schmidtke et al. (2024) confirm the qualitative reduction in life satisfaction in an event study with somewhat smaller quantitative effects. Finally, the drop in life satisfaction from 7.14 points in 2019 to 6.74 points in 2020 as elicited in the Glücksatlas (SKL Glücksatlas 2022) is also qualitatively in line with our data, and we find similar results regarding most affected subgroups (parents and particular mothers). ...

Does Worker Well-Being Adapt to a Pandemic? An Event Study Based on High-Frequency Panel Data
  • Citing Article
  • November 2023

Review of Income and Wealth

... The cognitive levels of the participants were assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-cognitive subscale (ADAScog) (Jia et al., 2021;Cogo-Moreira et al., 2023). MMSE scores range from 0 to 30, with higher scores indicating better cognitive function. ...

State, trait, and accumulated features of the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale Cognitive Subscale (ADAS‐Cog) in mild Alzheimer's disease

... Therefore, work autonomy becomes a tool for the follower to reciprocate the equity and justice of the ethical leader, through high doses of proactivity and effort [15,31]. Recent studies have shown that TI is intrinsically related to the feeling of increased autonomy to plan and decide [91]. ...

The Relationship Between Telework and Job Characteristics: A Latent Change Score Analysis During the COVID‐19 Pandemic
  • Citing Article
  • January 2023

Applied Psychology