Md Fuad Al Fidah’s scientific contributions

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Publications (6)


Who Belongs to the Middle Class? Identifying Them Using Monthly Family Income
  • Article
  • Full-text available

March 2024

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407 Reads

Qeios

Md Fuad Al Fidah

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Social class is a significant factor that influences an individual’s health, education, and lifestyle, among other things. However, there is no standard income-based scale that can classify individuals into different social classes for comparability across studies. In this article, we outlined the method of using monthly family income to identify the middle class of a country and how to use it to define the lower and upper class by using a widely accepted definition of the middle class and implemented it to determine the threshold for middle class family using the monthly median income of a country. This method can be used by any country to classify the community as “lower class” (<75% of the median income), “middle class” (75-125% of the median income) and “upper class” (>125% of the median income). We also presented an example using data from Bangladesh. The results were then adjusted for inflation to provide a guideline for updating the income limits for any future year. The social class in 2023 based on the monthly household income was <12,900 BDT for lower class, 12,900 to 21,500 BDT for middle class and >21,500 BDT for upper class after inflation. This method of social class classification can be used for grouping study participants into comparable socioeconomic categories in the context of any country and can be updated easily in the future.

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The distribution of social class based on monthly
Who Belongs to the Middle Class? Identifying Them Using Monthly Family Income

March 2024

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1,275 Reads

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1 Citation

Qeios

Social class is a significant factor that influences an individual’s health, education, and lifestyle, among other things. However, there is no standard income-based scale that can classify individuals into different social classes for comparability across studies. In this article, we outlined the method of using monthly family income to identify the middle class of a country and how to use it to define the lower and upper class by using a widely accepted definition of the middle class and implemented it to determine the threshold for middle class family using the monthly median income of a country. This method can be used by any country to classify the community as “lower class” (<75% of the median income), “middle class” (75-125% of the median income) and “upper class” (>125% of the median income). We also presented an example using data from Bangladesh. The results were then adjusted for inflation to provide a guideline for updating the income limits for any future year. The social class in 2023 based on the monthly household income was <12,500 BDT for lower class, 12,500 to 21,500 BDT for middle class and >21,500 BDT for upper class after inflation. This method of social class classification can be used for grouping study participants into comparable socioeconomic categories in the context of any country and can be updated easily in the future.


Who belongs to the middle class? Identifying them using monthly family income

January 2024

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3,386 Reads

Objectives Social class is a significant factor that influences an individual’s health, education, and lifestyle, among other things. However, there is no standard income-based scale that can classify individuals into different social classes for comparability across studies. In this article, we outlined the method of using monthly family income to identify the middle class of a country and how to use it to define the lower and upper class. Methods We used a widely accepted definition of the middle class and implemented it to determine the threshold for middle class family using the monthly median income of a country. This method can be used by any country to classify the community as “lower class” (< 75% of the median income), “middle class” (75–125% of the median income) and “upper class” (> 125% of the median income). We also presented an example using data from Bangladesh. The results were then adjusted for inflation to provide a guideline for updating the income limits for any future year. Results The current study used an accepted definition of the middle class and based on an example of Bangladesh implemented it after adjusting for inflation. The social class in 2023 based on the monthly household income was < 12,500 BDT for lower class, 12,500 to 21,500 BDT for middle class and > 21,500 BDT for upper class after inflation. Conclusion This social class classification can be used for grouping study participants into comparable socioeconomic categories in the context of any country and can be updated easily in the future.


Willingness-to-pay for health insurance: A comparative study between formal and informal health-workers

July 2023

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35 Reads

Qeios

_Introduction_ People in low- to middle-income countries, such as Bangladesh, have less access to healthcare than those in wealthier nations. In Bangladesh, households spend an average of Tk 103.46 billion (US $1.49 billion) on out-of-pocket medical costs each year, which accounts for 64.3% of total health expenditures. The informal sector, which employs 85.1% of the total workforce, has limited or no health insurance (HI). Less than 1% of Bangladesh’s population has access to social health protection, which is mostly limited to those who work in the formal sector (14.9% of all jobs). This comparative study will use the contingent valuation method to determine the willingness-to-pay (WTP) for health insurance and associated factors between formal and informal health workers. _Methods and analysis_ This is the study protocol for a comparative study of the willingness-to-pay (WTP) for health insurance and associated factors between formal and informal health workers using the contingent valuation method (CVM), which will be conducted over a 12-month period, from September 2022 to September 2023. A total of 250 health workers will be selected by a convenience sampling technique from various formal and informal work stations in Dhaka City. Of the 250 participants, 125 will be from the formal sector and 125 will be from the informal sector. To collect data, a semi-structured questionnaire will be used via face-to-face interviews. Data will be processed and analyzed using R (version 4.3.0), RStudio (2023.03.1 Build 446). WTP for social health insurance will be estimated using the DCchoice package. _Ethics and dissemination_ Ethical clearance was obtained from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the National Institute of Preventive and Social Medicine (NIPSOM) on December 29, 2022. The memo number is NIPSOM/IRB/2022/14 (1). Informed consent will be taken from each participant before data collection. Privacy and confidentiality of data will be maintained strictly. Participants will have full freedom to refuse to participate at any point in the study. The results of the study will be published in scientific, peer-reviewed journals. _Strengths and limitations of this study_ 1. The contingent valuation method is a well-established method of eliciting WTP for health insurance. 2. The current study will be among the first of its nature as it will focus on formal and informal healthcare workers. 3. Starting point bias may affect the result as this type of bias comes with the Double bounded dichotomous choice (DBDC) method used in this study.


Association between monthly income, duration of training and duration of training with level of job satisfaction
Association between selected independent variables and level of job
Factors Influencing Job Satisfaction among Healthcare Providers in a Specialty Department: a cross-sectional study

June 2023

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111 Reads

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1 Citation

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Md Fuad Al Fidah

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Rafsan Reza

Background: Job satisfaction of professionals affects health, advancement, performance, and development, as well as the institution, employer, or organization. Healthcare professionals who are satisfied with their job have a higher probability of delivering excellent healthcare. In Bangladesh, the challenges of public health highlight the importance of having a competent healthcare workforce to provide an improved quality healthcare service. Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate the degree of job satisfaction and identify the factors that contribute to it among healthcare providers employed in the BMT unit of DMCH. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted for the period of six months, from July to December 2014. The study population was all the healthcare professionals at the BMT unit of DMCH, Bangladesh. and consisted of doctors (n=20), nurses (n=15), and laboratory technicians (n=5). A semi structured self-administered questionnaire was used to collect the preliminary data. All ethical issues were maintained strictly. Results: Most (95.0%) of the study respondents were at or below the age of 40 years with a mean (±SD) of 30.1 (±7.92) years. Most of them were female (52.5%), and lab technician, nurse and doctors had a frequency of 12.5%, 37.5%, and 50.0% respectively. Among the study participants, 65.0% were satisfied with their jobs, 35% were dissatisfied. Statistically significant association was found between sex (p=0.011) and profession (p < 0.001) with level of job satisfaction among respondents. Conclusion: Job satisfaction is important for healthcare professionals, patients, and institutions. Satisfied professionals provide better care, while low job satisfaction leads to turnover and decreased access to care. Individual, job-related, and workplace factors influence job satisfaction. This study evaluated job satisfaction among healthcare providers in Bangladesh and identified contributing factors to inform interventions.


Social Class Determination through Monthly Household Income: A Perspective from Bangladesh.

June 2023

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295 Reads

Background Social class is a significant factor that influences an individual’s health, education, and lifestyle, among other things. However, in Bangladesh, there is a lack of a standard income-based scale that can be used to classify individuals into different social classes for comparability across studies. Objective The current study aimed to design an income-based social class classification that utilizes monthly family income. Methods The current study used the monthly household income statistics reported in the latest (sixteenth) round of Household Income and Expenditure Survey (2016-17) by the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. Ethical considerations were strictly followed.ResultsAt first the median household income of 2016 was calculated and adjusted for inflation to derive the estimated median household income in 2022. Then the lower and upper limit of the middle class was demarcated by taking the 75% and 125% of the median income, respectively. The social class based on the monthly household income was <12,500 BDT for lower class, 12,500 to 21,000 BDT for middle class and >21,000 BDT for upper class. Conclusion This social class classification can be used for grouping study participants into comparable socioeconomic categories in the context of Bangladesh, and can be updated easily in the future based on updated survey results.

Citations (1)


... Research on job satisfaction among hospital doctors has identified factors such as age, gender, and specialization as significant determinants [29]. High turnover of trained GPs has been linked to excess health expenditure and burnout in GPs [30]. ...

Reference:

Impact of Relational Coordination on Job Satisfaction and Willingness to Stay: A Cross-Sectional Survey of Healthcare Professionals in South Tyrol, Italy
Factors Influencing Job Satisfaction among Healthcare Providers in a Specialty Department: a cross-sectional study