Matthew J. Beal’s research while affiliated with State University of New York and other places

This book covers the theoretical foundations of advanced mean field methods, explores the relation between the different approaches, examines the quality of the approximation obtained, and demonstrates their application to various areas of probabilistic modeling. A major problem in modern probabilistic modeling is the huge computational complexity involved in typical calculations with multivariate probability distributions when the number of random variables is large. Because exact computations are infeasible in such cases and Monte Carlo sampling techniques may reach their limits, there is a need for methods that allow for efficient approximate computations. One of the simplest approximations is based on the mean field method, which has a long history in statistical physics. The method is widely used, particularly in the growing field of graphical models. Researchers from disciplines such as statistical physics, computer science, and mathematical statistics are studying ways to improve this and related methods and are exploring novel application areas. Leading approaches include the variational approach, which goes beyond factorizable distributions to achieve systematic improvements; the TAP (Thouless-Anderson-Palmer) approach, which incorporates correlations by including effective reaction terms in the mean field theory; and the more general methods of graphical models. Bringing together ideas and techniques from these diverse disciplines, this book covers the theoretical foundations of advanced mean field methods, explores the relation between the different approaches, examines the quality of the approximation obtained, and demonstrates their application to various areas of probabilistic modeling. Bradford Books imprint

Variational approximations are becoming a widespread tool for Bayesian learning of graphical models. We provide some theoretical results for the variational updates in a very general family of conjugate-exponential graphical models. We show how the belief propagation and the junction tree algorithms can be used in the inference step of variational Bayesian learning. Applying these results to the Bayesian analysis of linear-Gaussian state-space models we obtain a learning procedure that exploits the Kalman smoothing propagation, while integrating over all model parameters. We demonstrate how this can be used to infer the hidden state dimensionality of the state-space model in a variety of synthetic problems and one real high-dimensional data set.

We present an algorithm that infers the model structure of a mixture of factor analysers using an ecient and deterministic variational approximation to full Bayesian integration over model parameters.

We review the use of variational methods of approximating inference and learning in probabilistic graphical models. In particular, we focus on variational approximations to the integrals required for Bayesian learning. For models in the conjugate-exponential family, a generalisation of the EM algorithm is derived that iterates between optimising hyperparameters of the distribution over parameters, and inferring the hidden variable distributions. These approximations make use of available propagation algorithms for probabilistic graphical models. We give two case studies of how the variational Bayesian approach can be used to learn model structure: inferring the number of clusters and dimensionalities in a mixture of factor analysers, and inferring the dimension of the state space of a linear dynamical system. Finally, importance sampling corrections to the variational approximations are discussed, along with their limitations.

We present an algorithm that infers the model structure of a mixture of factor analysers using an ecient and deterministic variational approximation to full Bayesian integration over model parameters. This procedure can automatically determine the optimal number of components and the local dimensionality of each component (i.e. the number of factors in each factor analyser). Alternatively it can be used to infer posterior distributions over number of components and dimensionalities. Since all parameters are integrated out the method is not prone to over tting. Using a stochastic procedure for adding components it is possible to perform the variational optimisation incrementally and to avoid local maxima. Results show that the method works very well in practice and correctly infers the number and dimensionality of nontrivial synthetic examples. By importance sampling from the variational approximation we show how to obtain unbiased estimates of the true evidence, the exa...

We present an algorithm that infers the model structure of a mixture of factor analysers using an efficient and deterministic variational approximation to full Bayesian integration over model parameters. This procedure can automatically determine the optimal number of components and the local dimensionality of each component (i.e. the number of factors in each factor analyser). Alternatively it can be used to infer posterior distributions over number of components and dimensionalities. Since all parameters are integrated out the method is not prone to overfitting. Using a stochastic procedure for adding components it is possible to perform the variational optimisation incrementally and to avoid local maxima. Results show that the method works very well in practice and correctly infers the number and dimensionality of nontrivial synthetic examples. 1 Introduction Factor analysis (FA) is a method for modelling correlations in multidimensional data. The model assumes that each p-dimensi...

Support Vector Machines (SVM) have been shown to yield state-of-the-art performance in many pattern analysis applications. Feature selection methods for SVMs are often used to reduce the complexity of learning and evaluation. In this article we propose to combine a standard method, Recursive Feature Elimination (RFE), with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to produce a multi-class SVM framework for evaluation speedup. In addition, we propose using the Leave-One-Out error to guide the feature elimination and determine the minimum size of feature subset. RFE together with PCA is able to compress the size of SVM classifier model and speed up the SVM evaluation significantly. Experimental results on the MNIST benchmark database and other commonly used datasets show that RFE and PCA can speed up the evaluation of SVM by an order of magnitude while maintaining comparable accuracy.