Matija Turk’s research while affiliated with Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts and other places

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Publications (7)


Mezolitik SlovenijeThe Mesolithic in Slovenia
  • Article

January 2022

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29 Reads

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4 Citations

Prilozi Instituta za arheologiju u Zagrebu

Matija Turk

V članku predstavljamo zgodovino in stanje raziskav mezolitika ter pomembnejša mezolitska najdišča v Sloveniji. Poznavanje mezolitika v Sloveniji je kljub številnim novoodkritim najdiščem še vedno skromno. Razlog za to so neustrezne izkopavalne metode v preteklosti in pomanjkanje sistematičnih raziskav, ki bi zajele večje površine. Revizijsko mokro sejanje dela deponije izkopane mezolitske plasti Male Triglavce je na dan prineslo bogato zbirko mikrolitskih orodij, ki kažejo, da je na najdišču poleg kastelnovjenske zastopana tudi sovterjenska tehnološka tradicija. Obe mezolitski fazi sta verjetno zastopani tudi v najdišču Viktorjev spodmol. Pri podvodnih raziskavah struge potoka Ljubija na Ljubljanskem barju je bila poleg resedimentiranih kamnitih in koščenih orodij najdena človeška lobanja, radiokarbonsko datirana v zgodnji holocen. V gorah Zgornjega Posočja je bilo po zaslugi ljubiteljskih arheologov odkritih več planih najdišč kamnitih artefaktov. Na podlagi kamnitih najdb, zbranih s površinskim nabiranjem in pri arheoloških izkopavanjih, lahko nekatera izmed njih opredelimo v sovterjen, najdišče Leskovca II na planini Leskovca pa bi lahko pripadalo celo epigravetjenu. Na najdiščih, kjer so se ohranili živalski ostanki, sta med lovnimi živalmi najbolje zastopana navadni jelen in divja svinja.


Orinjasjenske koščene konice iz Potočke zijalke: Razlaga novih rezultatov morfometrične statistične analize
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  • Full-text available

July 2020

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66 Reads

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2 Citations

Arheoloski Vestnik

Zbirka 134 orinjasjenskih koščenih konic z masivno bazo iz Potočke zijalke je po 90 letih od odkritja še vedno največja takšna zbirka v Evropi. Konice, ki so bile večkrat predmet različnih raziskav, so bile najdene v dveh plasteh na dveh lokacijah z različnim bivalnim in sedimentacijskim mikrookoljem. Glede na vzdolžni presek konic sta z velikim številom primerkov v obeh plasteh in na obeh lokacijah zastopana dva različna tipa konic: ploščat in vretenast, ki se razlikujeta tudi po tehničnih lastnostih. S po enim primerkom je zastopanih nekaj monotipov, med katerimi je tudi t. i. tip mladečke konice. Sto sedemnajst konic obeh glavnih tipov je tokrat prvič sistematično analiziranih z uporabo standardnih parametričnih in neparametričnih statističnih postopkov na podlagi kombinacij 20 znakov: 9 metričnih in 11 opisnih. Glede na izsledke analiz je predlagana vrsta novosti o domnevnih razvojno-tehničnih izboljšavah konic, načinu nasaditve, popravilu poškodb, izdelavi nastavkov za večje konice in pomenu zarez na robovih nekaterih konic. Avtorja ugotavljata, da gre pri tipu vretenastih konic Potočke zijalke za tehnično izpopolnjeno obliko konice z masivno bazo, ki si upravičeno zasluži naziv konica Potočka zijalka ali olševska konica.

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Fig. 8.1 Archaeological sites mentioned in the text (prepared by Tamara Korošec).
Fig. 8.3 Wooden wheel from the pile-dwelling site at Stare gmajne near Vrhnika [26 in Fig. 8.1], around 3150 BC (kept in the Ljubljana's City Museum; photo by Matija Turk).
Fig. 8.4 The bronze Vače [10 in Fig. 8.1] situla is the most beautiful, most characteristic and best preserved product of toreutics and situla art in Slovenia. It represents the pinnacle of figural expression in the region. The narratives of situla art disappeared in the 4 th century together with the Hallstatt culture (kept in the National Museum of Slovenia; photo by Tomaž Lauko).
Fig. 8.5 Boundary stone between the territories of Aquileia and Emona, dating to the time of the Emperor Augustus and found in the River Ljubljanica at Bevke [25 in Fig. 8.1] (kept in the National Museum of Slovenia; photo by Tomaž Lauko).
Fig. 8.6 Presbyterial part of the double church constructed in the 6 th century at Tonovcov grad [36 in Fig. 8.1], a hill overlooking the Soča Valley (photo by Slavko Ciglenečki, IA ZRC SAZU Archive).
The History of Slovenia: Archaeological Evidence from Prehistory to the Slavs

January 2020

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553 Reads

Matija Turk

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Andrej Pleterski

A brief overview of the history of Slovenia as told by archaeology runs from prehistory to the Slavs, from the earliest human traces some 300,000 years ago, through the momentous discovery of a purported Neanderthal musical instrument in Divje babe I Cave, the Eneolithic pile-dwellers in the Ljubljansko barje that used two-wheeled carts, the hoards and hillforts of the Bronze Age, and the prosperity of the Hallstatt period with a peak in artistic expression in situla art, to the arrival of the Celts, who mark the end of prehistory. In the last decades of the first century BC, the territory of what is now Slovenia was incorporated into the Roman Empire. Newcomers and indigenous inhabitants lived side by side in a number of flourishing towns, used newly constructed roads, and urbanized the countryside. The period of prosperity ended in late Antiquity with the decline of the Roman Empire. In the face of danger, the population either migrated to safer regions outside the borders of what is now Slovenia or retreated to naturally well-protected peaks that were additionally fortified. The early Slavs entered such a world but left little evidence in the archaeological record.


The Mousterian Musical Instrument from the Divje babe I cave (Slovenia): Arguments on the Material Evidence for Neanderthal Musical Behaviour § L'instrument musical mouste´rien de la grotte de Divje babe I (Slove´nie) : arguments pour l'e´vidence mate´rielle du comportement musical des ne´andertaliens ScienceDirect

October 2018

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1,694 Reads


The Mousterian Musical Instrument from the Divje babe I cave (Slovenia): Arguments on the Material Evidence for Neanderthal Musical Behaviour

October 2018

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1,571 Reads

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31 Citations

L Anthropologie

In 1995, an unusually perforated femur of a juvenile cave bear was found in the Divje babe I Palaeolithic cave site in Slovenia. The supposition that it could be a flute led to heated debates. According to its archaeological context and chronostratigraphic position, if made by humans, it could only be attributed to Neanderthals. The crucial question was related to the origin of the holes. These could only have been made either by a carnivore or by human intervention. Results of experimental testing of both hypotheses do not support a carnivore origin of the holes. Furthermore, the method of artificial creation of the holes, which left no conventional traces of manufacture, was defined. Computed tomography revealed traces, which could be the result of human agency and called into serious question the origin of some features previously declared to be solely of carnivore origin. Recent musical experiments performed on a replica of the reconstructed musical instrument revealed its great musical capability. Together with some other findings from Divje babe I, the Mousterian musical instrument offers a unique insight into the Neanderthals’ symbolic behaviour and their cognitive abilities. The multidisciplinary results of comprehensive analyses of this exceptional find are first presented here together with its chronostratigraphic, palaeo-environmental, and archaeological contexts.


Mousterian osseous artefacts? The case of Divje babe I, Slovenia

March 2017

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136 Reads

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17 Citations

Quaternary International

In the Divje babe I cave in western Slovenia, several osseous artefacts were found in the Mousterian levels besides a Neanderthal bone musical instrument; they are interpreted as being projectile points, awls, and polishers. They originate from layers that have been dated by the ESR method between 50 and 110 ka. The majority of osseous artefacts show no characteristic traces of manufacture and use, which is explained by the strong effect of corrosion documented in all the excavated layers of the site. These artefacts are presented here in the context of the site at which several elements of ‘modern’ behaviour have been discovered and recognised in Mousterian levels.


Could a cave hyena have made a musical instrument? A reply to Cajus G. Diedrich

July 2016

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491 Reads

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5 Citations

Arheoloski Vestnik

The contribution is a reply to the article written by Cajus G. Diedrich and published online on the web site of the Royal Society Open Science. Diedrich’s article is fraught with factual errors and underestimations of the archaeological and musicological findings. As such, it may cause great scientific damage and should thus not remain uncommented. Only the most prominent errors are addressed.

Citations (4)


... However, subsequent research following the inves tigations in the Iron Gates did not confirm these ex pectations for the interior of the Balkans. In the interior of Slovenia, the Mesolithic period has only been docu mented at the Zalog pri Verdu (Gaspari 2006) and Breg pri Škofljici (Turk 2022) sites, while in the interior of Croatia it is only attested in the Zala Cave (Vukosavljeviae, Karavaniae 2015). The Mesolithic has been also documented at a few sites in the northern part of Montenegro (e.g., Odmut and Vrbièka Cave -Bo riae et al. 2019), as well as at the Kryegjata B and Neziri Cave in Albania (Runnels et al. 2007;Hauck et al. 2017). ...

Reference:

First insights into the Mesolithic settlement of Southern Serbia: Excavation of the Pešterija Cave in the Ponišavlje Region
Mezolitik SlovenijeThe Mesolithic in Slovenia
  • Citing Article
  • January 2022

Prilozi Instituta za arheologiju u Zagrebu

... If so, the oldest known potential flute, at least 50 ka old (perhaps 58 ± 3.4 ka) from Divje Babe I Cave, Slovenia [135] could also be attributed to DNA-driven progression induced by an extreme cooling or warming. ...

The Mousterian Musical Instrument from the Divje babe I cave (Slovenia): Arguments on the Material Evidence for Neanderthal Musical Behaviour

L Anthropologie

... All of these dates are significantly younger than direct dates on the Vindija Neandertals, but they are mostly uncalibrated and obtained by different techniques of radiocarbon dating, none of which used hydroxyproline extraction pretreatment, which was the case for the Vindija Neandertal samples. It is also interesting to note that Middle Paleolithic osseous points were found in Mousterian layers of Divje Babe I (Turk and Košir 2017), and comparison of these point (mostly fragments) with the Vindija points can provide significant information about similarities and differences between these Middle (Divje Babe I) and Upper Paleolithic (Vindija) osseous tools. Noteworthy also is the fact that Neandertals were making other types of sophisticated bone tools at several sites (Soressi et al. 2013). ...

Mousterian osseous artefacts? The case of Divje babe I, Slovenia
  • Citing Article
  • March 2017

Quaternary International

... Among them, d'Errico was the only one who micro-scoped the find and explained the findings of the microscopy in accordance with his previous estimate [12], published in Antiquity in 1998 [17][18][19]. I. Turk with colleagues [10,[20][21][22][23][24][25] (see also [26]) continuously argumentatively claimed that some of their statements, regarding their explanations about the origin of the holes and damages on the perforated bone, are incorrect [13,14,16,[27][28][29]. To obtain more accurate explanation of the find, I. Turk and colleagues performed and published a series of experiments on perforating fresh brown bear femur diaphyses, using models of wolf, hyena, and bear dentitions (Figure 2), as well as replicas of Palaeolithic tools that were present in various Mousterian levels in DB [20,21,30,31]. ...

Could a cave hyena have made a musical instrument? A reply to Cajus G. Diedrich

Arheoloski Vestnik