October 2019
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18 Reads
Metascience
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Publications (38)
March 2019
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78 Reads
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3 Citations
Physics in Perspective
Since the late-nineteenth century, scientists have been labeled with disciplinary fields and scientific achievements have been identified largely with heroic individuals. Reward systems such as the highly visible Nobel Prizes have reinforced such a view of science. This paper examines long-term trends in Nobel Physics awards since 1901 and asks whether the awards have registered the increasing specialization, collaboration, and transdisciplinary research that mark the course of modern physics. A second major question is the extent to which, in turn, histories of physics since the 1960s have reflected trends in physics or in Nobel recognition. Historians of physics appear to have favored accounts of particle physics and relativity theory over other areas of physics, with biography remaining a strong tradition in the history of physics, even while institutional and social history has become significant. Concluding remarks address hierarchies of prestige in science, the accessible and emotional appeal of heroic and revolutionary accounts of science, and the perennial appeal of fundamental questions, like reductionism and emergence.
September 2018
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26 Reads
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4 Citations
Isis
The decades of the 1920s to the 1960s were a period of transformation in chemical science. The era was marked by erosion of boundaries that had often been drawn between chemistry and other scientific disciplines. In particular, theories, instruments, and mathematical approaches associated with the new physics of X-rays, the electron particle, and the electron wave enabled chemists and other physical scientists to address unsolved chemical problems of structure and mechanism and to ask new questions that further expanded and transcended disciplinary borders. In turn, the historiography of these developments reflects the pluralism of chemistry in historical narratives written by scientists, historians, philosophers, and sociologists.
March 2018
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44 Reads
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2 Citations
Ambix
February 2017
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52 Reads
Angewandte Chemie
Implizites Wissen: 2016 wurden der 125. Geburtstag des Physikochemikers Michael Polanyi sowie sein 40. Todestag begangen. Dieser Essay diskutiert Polanyis wissenschaftsphilosophische Arbeiten – insbesondere seine bedeutendste Schrift, Personal Knowledge – vor dem Hintergrund von Polanyis Biographie ebenso wie die Bedeutung seines Werks für Wissenschaft und Gesellschaft. Das Photo zeigt Polanyi im Jahr 1968 bei einer Feier im Fritz-Haber-Institut, Berlin.
February 2017
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152 Reads
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6 Citations
Tacit knowing: 2106 marked the 125th anniversary of the birth of the physical chemist Michael Polanyi, as well as the 40th of his death. This essay discusses his philosophy of science-in particular, his most significant work in this area, Personal Knowledge-from the perspective of his personal biography, as well as its lasting influence on the social sciences. In the photograph: Michael Polanyi at the Fritz Haber Institute in 1968.
June 2016
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16 Reads
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7 Citations
NTM International Journal of History & Ethics of Natural Sciences Technology & Medicine
Kollaboration und Konkurrenz gibt es in der Wissenschaft zwischen Individuen oder verschiedenen Gruppen, größeren Organisationen, Schauplätzen und Nationalstaaten. Die Spannung zwischen individuellem Ansehen und Gruppenmeriten oder individuellem Ehrgeiz und Gruppenleistung ist der wissenschaftlichen Arbeit inhärent und trägt zu ihrem Erfolg bei. Die Autorin vergleicht zwei soziale Modelle der Wissenschaft, die entwickelt wurden, als Wissenschaftler im 20. Jahrhundert zunehmend begannen kollaborativ zu forschen: Michael Polanyis individualistische Freie-Markt-Republik der Wissenschaft und Ludwik Flecks Denkkollektiv. Diese beiden Modelle sollten Praktiken beschreiben und Ideale für die Wissenschaft im allgemeinen auf der Grundlage der Erfahrungen spezialisierter Forschungsgruppen vorschreiben. Die Arbeitsgruppen von Linus Pauling und Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin dienen hier der Erläuterung der beiden Modelle. Die Autorin untersucht verschiedene Auswirkungen von Paulings und Hodgkins Praktiken auf das persönliche Ansehen des Direktors und der Mitarbeiter, und schließt mit der Frage, ob eine kollektive Wissenschaft möglich ist.
August 2015
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11 Reads
Annals of Science
January 2015
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56 Reads
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7 Citations
As a genre at the intersection of history and literature, biography challenges its writer to decide organizational rules and elements of plot that are faithful to the subject and attractive to the reader. Mary Jo Nye suggests that there are three principal forms of biography in which the subject is a scientist: the life of the scientist, the scientific life, and the life of scientific collaboration. She explains the meaning of these terms by drawing upon a range of recent biographies in modern science, including Kostas Gavroglu’s biography of Fritz London.
August 2014
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7 Reads
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10 Citations
Ambix
Patterns of collaboration and co-authorship in chemical science from the 1920s to the 1960s are examined with an eye to frequency of co-authorship and differences in allocation of credit during a period of increasing team research and specialization within chemical research groups. Three research leaders in the cross-disciplinary and cutting edge field of X-ray crystallography and molecular structure are the focus of this historical study within a framework of sociological literature on different collaborative patterns followed by eminent scientists. The examples of Michael Polanyi in Berlin and Manchester, Linus Pauling in Pasadena, and Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin in Oxford demonstrate the need to de-centre historical narrative from the heroic 'he' or 'she' to the collaborative 'they.' These cases demonstrate, too, the roles of disciplinary apprenticeships, local conditions, and individual personalities for historical explanation that transcends universal generalizations about scientific practice, material culture, and sociological trends.
Citations (17)
... Are chemists more willing to see the value of physics within their discipline, but physicists do not see the value of chemistry within theirs? Is this a manifestation of the well-studied reduction of chemistry to physics?" [47,48] Is this a legacy of Comte's ideas on the hierarchy of science, where mathematics supports physics and the latter supports chemistry? [49] Surely one reason for such stringent criteria is to be assured that the nominations are of high quality. ...
- Citing Article
- Publisher preview available
March 2019
Physics in Perspective
... This definition takes into consideration (a) the known pluralism of science, in general, and chemistry, in particular (Wray 2021a;Ruthenberg and Mets 2020;Pavlinov 2020;Crasnow 2019;Nye 2018;Ruphy 2016;Chang 2012Chang , 2015Kellert et al., 2006); (b) the sev-eral centuries over which candidates for revolutions in science have been discussed; (c) the need to provide insights that would otherwise be difficult or otherwise impossible to achieve in the absence of such a definition; (d) the need to include theoretical and empirical achievements in science; (e) the dual objective of being retrospective and predictive; (f) the goal to be comprehensive yet minimize intuitive input; and (g) an ease of use, replicability in different locations by different scholars (portability), simplicity of communication, and expandability. ...
- Citing Article
September 2018
Isis
... Niesłusznie -ten bowiem zwolniony z pracy w 1930 roku ekskierownik szkoły i nauczyciel gimnazjalny (oskarżenia dotyczyły niepoczytalności oraz nadużyć seksualnych [sexual relations with a student]) 3 fanatycznie realizował kształtowanie młodego pokolenia w duchu ideologii narodowosocjalistycznej oraz odpowiadał za czystki narodowościowe i dewastację kultury akademickiej na niemieckich uczelniach. Albert Einstein przed opuszczeniem Niemiec pisał: "wolność cywilna, tolerancja i równość wszystkich obywateli wobec prawa" znikła w Niemczech, a sprawiedliwość znalazła się teraz w rękach "nazistowskiej milicji" (Cornwell, 2012: 135, jako źródło cytatu Cornwell podaje: Lewin, 1996). ...
- Citing Article
October 1997
American Journal of Ophthalmology
... While there is extensive literature on the social and cultural boundaries of science (cf. Roth, 2022, p. 43), scholars with semiotic and philosophical ambitions have also revealed scientific constraints through the analysis of representation in artworks (Boetzkes, 2010), chemical processes (Nye & Weininger, 2018), mathematical operations and calculus (O'Halloran, 2008;Pantsar, 2021), numerical models of climate phenomena (Gramelsberger, 2011), or the semiotic analysis of complex digital data (Mikhaeil & Baskerville, 2019). Taking inspiration from these works, this special issue aims to move beyond the relatively confined question of disciplinary boundaries and research cultures to broader considerations of the dependence of knowledge and cognition on environments. ...
- Citing Article
- Full-text available
March 2018
Ambix
... He also tried to refute the usual view that scientific knowledge is detached and impersonal in character. (Nye, 2017) He considers that personal activity to discover scientific knowledge and the shaping process of personal knowledge during research on the final scientific discoveries should not be ignored. The article will be divided into three main sections as follows: The first part is related to the re-cognition on J. Li science and technology, analysing the divergence characteristics of science and the convergence characteristics of technology. ...
- Citing Article
February 2017
... Eine detaillierte Rekonstruktion der historischen Entwicklungslinien zwischen der Theoriebildung zur Radioaktivität und Entstehung der Teilchenphysik siehe bei (Bleck-Neuhaus, 2013, Kapitel 2). Darüber hinaus finden sich im Kanon der Chemiegeschichte einige Arbeiten, die insbesondere die Verwobenheit der Quantenmechanik mit chemischer Erkenntnisproduktion betonen(Barkan, 1992;Bleck-Neuhaus, 2013;Brändas und Kryachko, 2004;Gavroglou und Simões, 2012;Laszlo, 2007;Nye, 1993;Nye, 2016;Nye, 2018;Psarros, 2001;Reinhardt, 2001a;Reinhardt, 2004;Reinhardt, 2006;Steinhauser, 2014;Strom und Wilson, 2013;Simões, 2002;Simões und Gavroglou, 2001;Van Tiggelen, 2001). 6 Chiralität in Quantenchemie und Wissenschaftsphilosophie ...
- Citing Article
- Publisher preview available
June 2016
NTM International Journal of History & Ethics of Natural Sciences Technology & Medicine
... Case studies, presenting historical scientific episodes related to life sciences, encourage critical thinking and enable students to explore the scientific process and past challenges faced by scientists [15]. Another approach involves biographical studies [16], introducing students to the lives and contributions of key scientists in the field of life science, such as Charles Darwin, Gregor Mendel, Rosalind Franklin, and Barbara McClintock. The use of primary sources, such as historical scientific papers and letters, offers a direct connection to the scientists and their work [17]. ...
- Citing Chapter
January 2015
... Pauling' s scope of research was wide, but it was protein structure and behavior that fascinated him the most. Essentially Pauling was using paper and pencil tools to elucidate the structures and relationships of these complex biological substances (Nye, 2001). What Pauling did with his "paper" argument of antigen/antibody was bring the energetic and invisible protein to life. ...
Reference:
Storyboarding for Biology
- Citing Chapter
January 2001
... Nesse contexto, biografias tornam-se possibilidade para a inserção de aspectos da história e epistemologia da ciência, sobretudo conferindo um caráter mais humanístico e valorizando figuras que raramente ocupariam um primeiro plano. Segundo Nye (2006) e Terrall (2006), as biografias configuram-se como um dos gêneros literários mais atrativos aos que ingressam no mundo da ciência, pois a partir delas pode-se promover processos de (auto)identificação. Isso porque, além de aspectos científicos, são colocados em perspectiva os dilemas, esforços, falhas e sucessos na construção do conhecimento. ...
- Citing Article
June 2006
Isis
... Although historians and philosophers have studied Lavoisier's extraordinary journey in detail (Guerlac 1961, Holmes 1998, Musgrave 1976, Thagard 1990, Pyle 2000, they do not yet appreciate how difficult it was to create the genus of gases and why it necessitated the elimination of phlogiston and a redefinition of chemical species. If the different kinds of air were simply added as individual chemical species in the way phlogistic chemists did with inflammable air, chemical reality would have comprised more species existing in the fixed physical states of solid, liquid, or gas. ...
- Citing Article
June 1999
American Journal of Ophthalmology