March 2025
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12 Reads
Building and Environment
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Publications (4)
![Coverage distribution of the Spanish territory addressed in this study for the application of the BPB method, including the locations of the case studies presented in Section 4. Source: Own elaboration based on climatic graphic data available in [51].](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/385613507/figure/fig3/AS:11431281386303557@1745058155136/Coverage-distribution-of-the-Spanish-territory-addressed-in-this-study-for-the_Q320.jpg)
November 2024
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49 Reads
Rainwater penetration into building facades results in multiple issues, including material and structural degradation, reduced energy efficiency, and health-related concerns among occupants. Currently, the watertightness performance of building facades is assessed based on standardized tests, which simulate generic water supplies and pressure differentials that do not reflect the specific exposure conditions of each facade. Consequently, practitioners’ decisions regarding facade design often rely on qualitative and imprecise criteria that do not align with the actual climatic loads. In this article, a comprehensive approach to facade design for preventing rainwater penetration is described, incorporating specific methodological refinements for reliable and practical implementation across various Spanish regions. In this approach, the parameters surpassed during any watertightness test (defined by the magnitude and duration of the water supplies and pressure differentials) are correlated with the recurrence of equivalent climatic exposures at the facade (determined by the climatic conditions of the site, facade height, and surrounding environment), thereby quantitatively characterizing the facade watertightness performance. The findings used to refine this method for implementation in Spain are illustrated and validated using selected case studies, and a comprehensive database is provided to enable its application at 360 locations distributed across various regions of the country.
March 2024
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13 Reads
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4 Citations
Developments in the Built Environment
December 2023
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27 Reads
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4 Citations
Building and Environment
Citations (2)
... These include the enhancement of building design and adherence to regulations and strategies, such as: Reduction of the longevity of materials (e.g., wood, plastic, stone, renders, and paint) which are degraded by solar radiation and high temperatures Wildfires -buildings burned down or rendered inhabitable Buildings designed for certain thermal conditions will require modifications to cope with warmer climates Damage to road and rail transport systems Extreme wind [61,74,75] Accurate evaluation of extreme winds in coastal and mountainous regions is critical to safely design large buildings and infrastructure. Extreme winds significantly affect structures, especially bridges and tall buildings Extreme wind and rain extratropical cyclones [62,[75][76][77] Rainwater penetration can affect the building envelope's thermal performance, facade deterioration, and occupants' health, including respiratory problems like asthma. Current international standards for facades may not effectively address wind-driven rain (WDR), leading to surface erosion and moisture issues in historic buildings ...
- Citing Article
March 2024
Developments in the Built Environment
... Accordingly, this approach is commonly adopted to consider the impact of exposure duration in watertightness tests on return period estimation [39,40]. However, it is important to note that the BPB method still faces limitations when used for facade assessment in China [41,42]: (a) the challenge of acquiring the necessary records of rainfall and wind speed with comprehensive recording intervals; (b) the uncertainty in calculating return periods based on wind speed data that do not account for their simultaneous occurrence with rainfall events; and, especially, (c) the knowledge gap in the relationship between key parameters of field tests, such as pump pressure and spray distance, and the corresponding WDR exposure for facades during the standard Chinese watertightness test [2,43]. ...
- Citing Article
December 2023
Building and Environment