Martin Heisenberg’s research while affiliated with University of Wuerzburg and other places

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Publications (204)


A Toll-receptor map underlies structural brain plasticity
  • Article
  • Full-text available

February 2020

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156 Reads

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46 Citations

eLife

Guiyi Li

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Jill S Wentzell

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Experience alters brain structure, but the underlying mechanism remained unknown. Structural plasticity reveals that brain function is encoded in generative changes to cells that compete with destructive processes driving neurodegeneration. At an adult critical period, experience increases fiber number and brain size in Drosophila. Here, we asked if Toll receptors are involved. Tolls demarcate a map of brain anatomical domains. Focusing on Toll-2, loss of function caused apoptosis, neurite atrophy and impaired behaviour. Toll-2 gain of function and neuronal activity at the critical period increased cell number. Toll-2 induced cycling of adult progenitor cells via a novel pathway, that antagonized MyD88-dependent quiescence, and engaged Weckle and Yorkie downstream. Constant knock-down of multiple Tolls synergistically reduced brain size. Conditional over-expression of Toll-2 and wek at the adult critical period increased brain size. Through their topographic distribution, Toll receptors regulate neuronal number and brain size, modulating structural plasticity in the adult brain.

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Memory, anticipation, action – working with Troy D. Zars

January 2020

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49 Reads

Journal of Neurogenetics

We present here our reflections on the scientific work of the late Troy D. Zars (1967 – 2018), on what it was like to work with him, and what it means to us. A common theme running through his work is that memory systems are not for replaying the past. Rather, they are forward-looking systems, providing whatever guidance past experience has to offer for anticipating the outcome of future actions. And in situations where no such guidance is available trying things out is the best option. Working with Troy was inspiring precisely because of the optimism inherent in this concept and that he himself embodied. Our reflections highlight what this means to us as his former mentors, colleagues, and mentees, respectively, and what it might mean for the future of neurogenetics.


Mind from Matter? – Via Brain and Behavior

May 2018

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67 Reads

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2 Citations

Neuroforum

How did the process of Darwinian evolution lead from dead matter to the human mind? Of this long, complicated process the present essay selects and discusses just one step, that from animal behavior to animal mind. The process of living has two aspects, the maintenance of the process in the organism and the interaction of the organism with the world. In animals the latter is organized as behavior. Behavior evolves, as it serves the fitness of the animal. The brain evolves because it improves the behavior in terms of the animal’s fitness. Given the richness of the world and the openness of the future, the organization of behavior can be indirect and most intricate. The animal mind can be understood as behavioral organization at a higher level, as metaorganization. This concept is documented by behavioral studies in a particular animal, the fly Drosophila.


„Mind from Matter?“ – Über Verhalten und Gehirn

May 2018

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23 Reads

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1 Citation

Neuroforum

Zusammenfassung Wie hat die Darwin‘sche Evolution aus toter Materie den menschlichen Geist (die Seele; engl. mind) hervorgebracht? Aus diesem langen, komplizierten Prozess nimmt der vorliegende Aufsatz einen wichtigen Abschnitt heraus, den vom tierischen Verhalten zur Tier-Seele (animal mind). Der Lebensprozess hat zwei Domänen: Die Erhaltung der internen Stabilität und die Wechselwirkung zwischen dem Organismus und der Welt. Bei Tieren sind diese Wechselwirkungen als Verhalten organisiert. In der Evolution entsteht nützliches Verhalten, weil dieses der Fitness zugutekommt. Angesichts des Reichtums der Welt und der Offenheit der Zukunft wird die Organisation des Verhaltens immer komplexer und indirekter (Metaorganisation). Dieses Konzept wird in dem vorliegenden Aufsatz mit Verhaltensstudien an der Fliege Drosophila dokumentiert.


S3 Fig

February 2018

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9 Reads

Coupling coefficient and relative angular velocity had no significant impact on SPS and MA behavior. Comparison of SPS and MA behavior values for different combinations of cc and rav. Variation of the cc had no significant influence (n (cc = −5° per s; rav = 40° per s) = 15; n (cc = −11° per s; rav = 88° per s) = 19; n (cc = −11° per s; rav = 40° per s) = 20; SPS: F(F(2, 51) = 5.014, p = 0.0103, R2 = 0.1643, ANOVA, p(−5° per s; 40°per s vs. −11° per s; 88° per s) = 0.2335, Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test)). cc, coupling coefficient; MA, motion average; rav, relative angular velocity; SPS, single pattern stabilization. (TIF)


S1 Fig

February 2018

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11 Reads

Flies show various strategies for SPS and MA behavior. Besides keeping their yaw torque stable at approximately the values of either SPS or MA (Fig 2A–2C), flies also employ other flight maneuvers to stabilize their virtual self-rotation. Some of this is also scored as SPS or MA behavior. (For explanation of plots see legend to Fig 1.) (A), Saccadic tracking. Baseline yaw torque on the nonstabilized pattern while performing large torque spikes to stabilize the other pattern. (B), Baseline saccadic tracking. The fly keeps the baseline of yaw torque on the MA yaw torque value while performing torque spikes to stabilize one pattern. (C), Intermittent baseline tracking. Baseline of yaw torque on the MA value while the fly performs occasional large torque spikes to stabilize one pattern. (D), Oscillating tracking. Yaw torque oscillations around the stabilization value of one pattern. (E), Oscillating MA. Yaw torque oscillations around the MA value. MA, motion average; SPS, single pattern stabilization. (TIF)


S8 Fig

February 2018

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10 Reads

TPMP with regular dots patterns (Fig 2A) shows same general results as with random dots patterns. (A), Histograms of yaw torque (moving average over 2 s) under various contrast conditions. High pattern contrast leads to unimodal distribution, while low contrast results in bimodal distribution. Blue and green dotted lines indicate the exact stabilization values for single patterns, the black dotted line for MA behavior, blue and green areas indicate the yaw torque ranges where SPS, is scored, and the yellow area where MA is scored. (mean; n = 20 per contrast condition). (B), Low pattern contrast increases SPS (sum of SPS of cw and ccw bias; mean ± SEM; n = 20 per contrast condition), while high contrast leads to MA behavior. (C), Stabilization of a single pattern increases from 37% to 91% contrast. Pattern with a rotatory bias of 20° per s cw or ccw, with second pattern stationary (mean ± SEM; n = 20 per contrast condition). (D), Contrast dependence of the optomotor response. It differs from that of SPS as well as that of MA behavior (mean ± SEM). ccw, counterclockwise; cw, clockwise; MA, motion average; SPS, single pattern stabilization; TPMP, transparent panorama motion paradigm. (TIF)





Citations (64)


... Introduction between distinct cellular outcomes mean they are ideally placed to translate experience into structural brain change (Li et al., 2020). ...

Reference:

A neurotrophin functioning with a Toll regulates structural plasticity in a dopaminergic circuit
A Toll-receptor map underlies structural brain plasticity

eLife

... Behavior can be good or bad, beneficial or harmful for the animal, depending upon circumstance. Moreover, the study of behavior extends to the investigation of mental functions (Heisenberg, 2018). One may, for instance, categorize attention, motivation or learning as 'mental', because these are indirect modes of behavioral organization, the behavior in question may never be executed. ...

Mind from Matter? – Via Brain and Behavior
  • Citing Article
  • May 2018

Neuroforum

... Behavior. Te fy brain system can provide neuroscientists with abundant insights to discuss its behavior characteristics, due to the abilities of learning, memory, and prompt decision-making [29][30][31]. Terein, the central complex (CX) and mushroom body (MB) in the central nervous system include crucial units such as the protocerebral bridge (PB) and fan-shaped body (FB). [32]. ...

Multi-stability with ambiguous visual stimuli in Drosophila orientation behavior

... While the other non-conditioned arm contained a blank reward plate. Colonies were starved for three days to increase their motivation to forage similar to what had been done previously 78 . Twelve individuals from 3 different colonies were trained with food as the unconditioned stimulus. ...

Starvation promotes odor/feeding-time associations in flies

Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)

... Conversely, flies that experience "reverse" pairing (US then CS) learn the opposite way: If flies experience electric shock followed by an odor, they learn to approach the odor because it predicts "relief" from pain (Tanimoto et al. 2004;Yarali et al. 2009;Aso and Rubin 2016;Handler et al. 2019;Jacob and Waddell 2020). This reverse plasticity also requires temporal proximity of KC activity and dopamine release. ...

Experimental psychology: event timing turns punishment to reward
  • Citing Article
  • November 2004

e-Neuroforum

... For example, research on Drosophila has shown that nerve injury leads to chronic neuropathic sensitisation (Khuong et al., 2019). Similarly, other studies on Drosophila flies have tested fear, anxiety and aversion responses against stresses such as simulations of predator attack and have found evidence for persistent states of defensive behaviour or learned helplessness (Batsching et al., 2016;Gibson et al., 2015;Mohammad et al., 2016;Yang et al., 2013). Drosophila flies have served as a model to investigate the molecular mechanisms of nociception even for humans, particularly with respect to the developed Drosophila "pain" paradigms (Milinkeviciute et al., 2012). ...

Inescapable Stress Changes Walking Behavior in Flies - Learned Helplessness Revisited

... Environmental features such as brightness and color can provide contextual information that a fly can pair with positive or negative feedback (Quinn et al. 1974;Liu et al. 1999;Aso et al. 2014b;Vogt et al. 2014Vogt et al. , 2016. In flight simulator experiments, oriented visual patterns and objects with different sizes, shapes, colors, or brightnesses can be associated with aversive stimuli (Dill et al. 1995;Wolf et al. 1998;Tang and Guo 2001;Liu et al. 2006;Zhang et al. 2007;Wang et al. 2008;Pan et al. 2009;Solanki et al. 2015;Koenig et al. 2016). Flies also use visual features of the environment to triangulate specific locations, demonstrating visual place learning (Ofstad et al. 2011;Haberkern et al. 2019). ...

Visual Attention in Flies—Dopamine in the Mushroom Bodies Mediates the After-Effect of Cueing

... Digital brain atlases are often used to systematically analyze large collections of expression patterns acquired on different specimens ( Rein et al., 2002;Jenett et al., 2006;Maye et al., 2006; Knowles and Biggin, 2013). A digital atlas consists of a grayscale template image and an associated anatomical label image. ...

The virtual insect brain protocol: A software tool for the creation of standardized neuroanatomy
  • Citing Article
  • July 2006

Journal of Neurogenetics

... To examine whether Ap in the Drosophila memory center is involved in LTM, we used 2 MB-GAL4 lines, OK107 and 30Y. In both lines, GAL4 is expressed in all MB lobes [32]. ap knockdown using these MB-GAL4 lines impaired LTM (S5B Fig). ...

Requirement of the mushroom body associated neurons for appetitive and aversive odour memories in Drosophila
  • Citing Article
  • January 2009

Journal of Neurogenetics

... Attention in insects have been well studied and several mechanisms identified for attention-like processes (Nityananda 2016). Insects such as Drosophila have also been found to have attention-like mechanisms where they can shift the focus of attention (FoA) internally, with the time-span between each shift of FoA being 1 s-4 s (Koenig et al 2016), values comparable to the average dwell time bounds used in the bio-inspired feedback model designed in this study. In addition, insect attention has multiple definitions and unifying them is outside the scope of this study. ...

Vision in Flies: Measuring the Attention Span