Marline Abdassah’s research while affiliated with Padjadjaran University and other places

Calcium carbonate from eggshells (CCE) can be a good source of calcium because it contains little heavy metal, is a good absorbent, and is inexpensive. The function of calcium carbonate from eggshells can be enhanced by the nanosizing process, which improves the physicochemical properties of calcium carbonate. This research aims to determine the type of stabilizer (steric barrier) that is suitable for calcium carbonate isolate and then to make the nanosuspension using the bead mill method by varying the process parameters and testing its acid-neutralizing capacities and antibacterial activity. The method of this research is the screening of steric stabilizers (Tween 80, PVA, PEG 400, PEG 2000, PEG 6000, and PEG 2,000,000) for CCE colloidal particles. It is possible to produce CCE nanosuspension more efficiently by changing the process parameters, such as milling time (2, 4, and 8 hours), CCE suspension concentration (1%, 5%, and 10%), and bead size (0.18mm, 0.6mm, 0.08 mm, and 0.08:0.18mm 1:1). Particle size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential of CCE nanosuspension were optimally evaluated as parameters. Evaluating the accelerated stability, antibacterial, and acid-neutralizing characteristics of CCE nanosuspension comparisons between all tests and calcium carbonate from commercial sources (CCC). The results showed that a good steric stabilizer for stabilizing CCE colloidal particles is PVA, among other steric stabilizers. CCE can be made into nanosuspension using the bead mill method, and the optimal process parameters are 2 hours of milling time, 5% CCE suspension concentration, and 0.18mm bead size. The particle size of CCE nanosuspension was 335±44nm, with a polydispersity index of 0.337 ± 0.14 and a zeta potential of -9.3±3.4 mV. The acid-neutralizing capacity of the CCE nanosuspension (20±0.71mEq) was greater (p<0.05) than the micro-suspension (15.8±0.50mEq), but slightly smaller (p<0.05) than the CCC nanosuspension (21.6±0.32mEq). The isolate nanosuspension had antibacterial activity against S. aureus (inhibition diameter 12.2±0.3mm) and E. coli (12.8±0.8mm), but the activity was slightly smaller (p<0.05) when compared to CCC nanosuspension (S. aureus, 16.2±1.0mm; E. coli, 15.1±0.6mm). The bead mill technique could potentially be utilized to create nanosuspensions of CCE. In comparison to micro-suspension, the CCE nanosuspension exhibits higher antacid-neutralizing capability and antibacterial activity.

Introduction α-Mangostin (α-M), one of the xanthon compound isolated from Garcinia mangostana rind, demonstrates the efficacy in the treatment of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS). The lack of solubility of α-mangostin in water limited its pharmacological application. Purpose The lack of solubility of α-mangostin in water limited its formulation and pharmacological application. This study was done to enhance the solubility of α-M by complexation with γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CD) and its application in Alginate/Chitosan Hydrogel Mucoadhesive Film (HMF) for RAS treatment. Methods This complex was made by dissolved α-M and γ-CD in separated solution. α-M solution gradualy added into γ-CD to formed α-M/γ-CD complex (α-M/γ-CD CX). This complex then evaporated to yield the dry complex powder. The complex was successfully formulated into hydrogel mucoadhesive film (HMF) preparations based on characterization using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR), and X-Ray Diffractometry (XRD). The complex was formulated in hydrogel mucoadhesive film, followed by in-vitro drug release and the study of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) activity in rats. Results The α-M/γ-CD CX HMF film has a higher mucoadhesive force and mucoadhesive time than other HMFs resulting in a prolonged retention time in the oral mucosa. The drug release of α-M/γ-CD CX HMF followed the Korsmeyer-Peppas Model with a total amount of drug released 80.34+0.32%. The inclusion complex of α-M/γ-CD CX HMF exhibited increased anti-RAS activity compared to HMF base, α-M HMF, and α-M/γ-CD PM HMF. This was evidenced by a significant decrease in wound area of approximately 79.05±3.30%, an increase in epithelial thickness of about 1.24±0.09 μm, and a decrease in neutrophil score 1.10±0.26. These findings highlight the potential use of α-M/γ-CD CX as an effective RAS agent in HMF. Conclusion The complex of α-M/γ-CD CX has improved solubility of α-M, resulting in the transparent and homogenous film. The film containing this complex has the better physical characteristic, increasing the release and RAS activity.

Objective: Transethosome as a vesicular system offers high skin permeation; therefore, it is expected to improve the solubility and permeability of the poorly soluble drug glibenclamide. The study aimed to optimize the effect of lipid and surfactant concentration as well as sonication time on the physical characteristics of glibenclamide-loaded transethosomes. Methods: The transethosomes were prepared by solvent evaporation method. An experimental Box-Behnken design optimized the formula by assessing particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency as response parameters. Further characterizations were conducted by determining the morphology by TEM, chemical interaction by FTIR, thermal behavior by DSC, as well as solubility improvement by using in vitro drug release and permeation study. Results: The result showed that the optimal formula was that with the lipid composition of 75 mg of soya lecithin, 5 mg of tween 80 as surfactant at a sonication time of 18.79 min. The responses were particle size of 166.8±5.3 nm, polydispersity index of 0.463±0.1, zeta potential of-44.7±2.2 mV, and entrapment efficiency as much as 87.18±3.8%. Glibenclamide-loaded transethosomes exhibited a spherical morphology with no visible aggregation. FTIR study revealed no chemical interactions between Glibenclamide and the excipients. Solubility and in vitro drug release tests showed a significant increase of Glibenclamide from transethosome (p<0.05) compared with that as a bulk powder. Conclusion: Overall, the optimized glibenclamide-loaded transethosomes designed with Box Behnken resulted in improved physicochemical characteristics and increased solubility and drug release compared with that from ethosomes and bulk powder comparison, which will be promising for Glibenclamide to be formulated as transdermal drug delivery.

Objective: The study aimed to develop a transetosome system as a delivery system of 4-n-Butylresorcinol (4nBR) and evaluate their physicochemical characteristics and skin penetration capacity compared with another vesicles system. Methods: Transethosomes were prepared through cold methods and the optimization of the formulation was carried out using “Box–Behnken design” approach from Design-Expert software (version 13.0. 3. 0, State-Ease Inc., Minneapolis, MN). The independent variables were soya lecithin, surfactant (Tween 80: Span 80 with a ratio of 1: 3) and Ethanol. The prepared formulations were characterized for vesicle size, polydispersity (PDI), zeta potential using a particle size analyzer and entrapment efficiency. Furthermore, transethosomes were formulated in serum preparations that tested for in vitro penetration test compared to serum with ethosomes, transfersomes and non-vesicles system. Results: Transethosomes formula optimization using box benhken approach produced a formula of 5.53 % soya lecithin, 3 % surfactant (Tween 80: Span 80 with a ratio of 1: 3) and 30 % Ethanol. The optimized formulation obtained particle size result of 197.4 nm; Polydispersity Index 0.421; zeta potential-56.8 mV and entrapment efficiency 98.40 %. Transethosomes serum met physical stability tests and in vitro penetration test showed better results compared to serum with ethosomes, transfersomes and non-vesicles system; the percentage of cumulative penetrated amounts of transethosomes serum, transfersomes, ethosomes and non-vesicle serum, respectively, was 41.43%; 23.59%, 19.85% and 2.43%. Conclusion: Development of 4nBR transethosomes using surfactant as edge activators and ethanol as an enhancers through optimization with box Behnken design resulted in transethosomes composition as ultra-deformable vesicles that fulfiled the physical characteristics, stability and permeability of 4nBR.

Objective: The glibenclamide transethosome patch is a patch containing glibenclamide encapsulated in nanoparticle-based vesicles that can improve the penetration of the compound into the skin. The research work aims to evaluate glibenclamide transethosome patches using HPMC and PVP as matrix polymers and glibenclamide as a drug model. Methods: Glibenclamide transethosome patches were prepared using a solvent evaporation technique. Evaluations that have been carried out to assess the stability of the patch include weight variation, folding endurance, thickness, moisture absorption, moisture content, drug content, and drug release in vitro glibenclamide transethosome was carried out using Franz diffusion cell. Results: The results of the evaluation of the glibenclamide transethosome patch showed a patch weight uniformity between 0.051-0.063 g and a CV (Coefficient of Variation) value of less than 5%. The resulting folding resistance of the patch can withstand without tearing over 200 folds. The thickness of the glibenclamide transethosome patch is between 0.14-0.24 cm. The moisture absorption capacity of the patch is between 2.1-23.5%. The moisture content of the patch is between 4.7-7.4%. The drug content of the patch is between 6.7–12.7 g/cm2. Drug release from the patch was between 45.9-82.1% after 480 min. Overall, in the moisture absorption test (F3; F4; F5), moisture content, drug content, and drug release (F1) gave significantly different results (p<0.05). Conclusion: The glibenclamide transethosome patch showed evaluation results that met the requirements and were stable during the stability test. The polymer combinations also significantly influence drug release during stability tests.

Objective: Calcium carbonate is widely used in the pharmaceutical field as excipients and therapeutic agents. Calcium carbonate can be obtained from limestone, chalk, marble and dolomite. Other alternative is from eggshell. Calcium carbonate source from eggshell has several advantages including higher calcium carbonate content, fewer contaminants metal limit, and more brittle. Therefore, in this study, calcium carbonate had been isolated from eggshells which was expected to meet the requirements of Indonesian Pharmacopoeia (sixth edition) and having activity as antacid. Methods: Calcium carbonate were isolated from eggshells by mechanically and physically organic separation. The quality of calcium carbonate was examined according to the Indonesian Pharmacopoeia parameters including loss on drying; acid-insoluble substance, magnesium and alkali salt; limit of arsenic, lead, iron, mercury, heavy metal, and barium. Additional physicochemical characterization of calcium carbonate including particle size analyzer, FTIR and XRD were compared with those of commercial calcium carbonate. Results: The results showed that the isolation produced 98.5±0.5 % of calcium carbonate. The calcium carbonate powder had an average size of 21±1.0 µm, while that of commercial was 8±1.3 µm. The resulted calcium carbonate revealed similar XRD patterns compared with that from commercial Calcium carbonate from the market. Based on database from FTIR instrument, the calcium carbonate sample had 99% similarity level compared with that from the reference. The sample of Calcium carbonate isolated from the eggshell (>mesh 100) had lower antacid activity (23.83 mEq) than that of commercial (24.56 mEq). Conclusion: Calcium carbonate from eggshell fulfilled the requirements of Indonesian Pharmacopoeia.

The effects of alkali type and pH on the physical properties of carrageenan have been extensively studied. However, their effects on certain characteristics of solid-state properties of carrageenan have not been identified. This research aimed to investigate the effect of alkaline solvent type and pH on the solid physical properties of carrageenan isolated from Eucheuma cottonii. Carrageenan was extracted from the algae using NaOH, KOH, and Ca(OH)2 at pHs of 9, 11, and 13. Based on the results of preliminary characterization, including yield, ash content, pH, sulphate content, viscosity, and gel strength, it was found that all samples followed Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) specifications. The swelling capacity of carrageenan based on the type of alkali was KOH > NaOH > Ca(OH)2. The FTIR spectra of all samples were in agreement with that of standard carrageenan. The molecular weight (MW) of carrageenan using KOH as the alkali followed the order pH 13 > pH 9 > pH 11, while using NaOH, the order was pH 9 > pH 13 > pH 11, and while using Ca(OH)2, the order was pH 13 > pH 9 > pH 11. The results of the solid-state physical characterization of carrageenan with the highest MW in each type of alkali showed that the morphology of carrageenan using Ca(OH)2 has a cubic shape and is more crystal-like. The order of crystallinity of carrageenan using different types of alkali was Ca(OH)2 (14.44%) > NaOH (9.80%) > KOH (7.91%), while the order of density was Ca(OH)2 > KOH > NaOH. The order of solid fraction (SF) of the carrageenan was KOH > Ca(OH)2 > NaOH, while the tensile strength when using KOH was 1.17, when using NaOH it was 0.08, and while using Ca(OH)2, it was 0.05. The bonding index (BI) of carrageenan using KOH = 0.04, NaOH = 0.02, and Ca(OH)2 = 0.02. The brittle fracture index (BFI) of the carrageenan was KOH = 0.67, NaOH = 0.26, and Ca(OH)2 = 0.04. The order of carrageenan solubility in water was NaOH > KOH > Ca(OH)2. These data can be used as the basis for the development of carrageenan for excipients in solid dosage forms.

A transdermal delivery system is a non-invasive delivery system that provide a controlled therapeutic effect. However, this system has a barrier that is the outermost layer of the skin, so that only part of the drug can be administered via the transdermal route. The use of the vesicular system as a carrier for drugs or active substances is a solution for transdermal delivery systems to be able to pass through the skin barrier. One of the vesicular systems that can overcome this problem is transfersome. Displacement is elastic and can change shape by squeezing itself to pass through smaller-than-sized pores. In addition, transfersomes can encapsulate drugs or active substances that are amphiphilic, and have permeation ability than conventional liposomes. This review article aims to explain the definition and general description of transfersomes, their mechanism of action, methods of preparation and characterization, and their recent application in drug delivery using the vesicular transfersome system.