Mark Toncar's research while affiliated with Youngstown State University and other places

... The studies examining source effects focus on the characteristics of message sender. For example, Toncar, Munch, and Hu (1994) were interested in examining how salesperson characteristics affect the product evaluation during a telemarketing presentation. They found that even when the presentation was dominated by product information, subjects' perception of sales person attitude played a larger role in product evaluation. ...

... The contrast between seemingly closer cultures has also been explored. Thus, Toncar (2001) contrasted the use of humour in British and North American (US) TV advertisements. His results show that, even if humour in both cultures has become more similar, there are still subtle differences related to cultural dimensions (Hofstede 2001). ...

... Moreover, the most persuasive rhetoric is brief (Plato, 380BCE;Thibodeau & Boroditsky, 2011, p. 1). Accordingly, proofs-either subjective or objective truths-can be established in 'tropes', 'memes' or other concise statements easily transmitted, repeated and understood-by an often under-informed or disengaged public (Toncar & Munch, 2003). In an emerging 'post-truth' political milieu (Stone & Kuznick, 2013, p. 532), understanding how political language can be manipulated for policy outcomes has therefore never been more critical. ...

... Despite numerous studies exploring the persuasive effects of linguistic styles, there is still a gap in our understanding of how rhetorical strategies interact to influence audience responses in real-world settings. Most prior studies have relied on small-scale empirical studies to examine the effects of rhetorical figures on various outcomes, such as attention, ad attitudes, brand attitudes, purchase intention, preference, and memorability [3][4][5][6][7]. These studies have often ignored the potential interaction between rhetorical figures and other message features, such as narratives. ...

... However, the inquiry on migrants' community participation is still quite limited and not yet systematized compared to the literature on volunteerism in general, which offered more focused research on the rationale behind the voluntary action ( Burns et al., 2005;Liao, Chang, & Tsai, 2012;Marta, Manzi, Pozzi, & Vignoles, 2014;Omoto, Snyder, & Hackett, 2010;Pozzi, Pistoni, & Alfieri, 2017). The theories adopted to describe the rationales that leverage people's motivation in volunteerism are rooted in either the utilitarian or the moral/value-based perspective (Wilson, 2000). ...

... At the same time, as Professors Ed Locke and Gary Latham have demonstrated, constructive replications can play a key role in incremental theory refinements over time (Locke & Latham, 2020). Still, to facilitate comparisons with the precedent study, any intentional changes should be highly focused and narrow (Köhler & Cortina, 2021;Toncar & Munch, 2010). ...

... Second, this study examined only verbal puffery in advertisements that have been investigated in numerous empirical studies (e.g., Cowley, 2006;Gao & Scorpio, 2011;Haan & Berkey, 2002;Hoek & Gendall, 2007). However, puffery may be presented in various forms in the real marketplace, such as visual puffery (Fetscherin & Toncar, 2009;Toncar & Fetscherin, 2012) and visual hyperbole (Callister & Stern, 2007). As holistic thinkers tend to pay more attention to the whole picture than analytic thinkers, and analytic thinkers tend to pay more attention to the details of a picture than holistic thinkers, holistic thinkers and analytic thinkers might understand visually exaggerated advertisements differently. ...

... According to Hurst & Good [24], internship exercises provide learners with the opportunity to learn what it takes to work in a company environment, as well as the associated ethics, norms, and cultural practices. Shu-Tai & Cheng-Chung [25], sounding more academic and likely an academician, such programmes complement course work by adding hands-on skills and competencies to knowledge acquired, Toncar & Cudmore [26] apart from adding to course work it has the potential to give learners who actively participated in the programme some sort of competitive edge, labour value in the market place, and above all a potent means of securing better jobs. Riding on the backs of economics, Cord et al. [11] and Bandow [27] argue that in the aftermath of the economic downturn, the internship is used by many students to detach themselves from colleagues who have never been involved in attachment. ...

... Theoretische Modelle legen nahe, dass zivilgesellschaftliches Engagement -"the ways in which citizens participate in the life of a community in order to improve conditions for others or to help shape the community's future" (Adler & Goggin, 2005, S. 236) -eine zivile Verantwortungsfähigkeit fördern können. Letztes wird in der Service-Learning-Literatur unterschiedlich gefasst, angefangen bei der Förderung zivilgesellschaftlichen Engagements (‚sense of citizenship'; Deeley, 2015), über die Sensibilisierung für soziale Fragestellungen (‚social responsibility'; Toncar, Reid, Burns, Anderson & Nguyen, 2006) bis zur aktiven Bearbeitung von zivilgesellschaftlichen Herausforderungen (‚civic responsibility'; Prentice & Robinson, 2010). Auch in empirischen Studien wird der zivilgesellschaftliche Aspekt unterschiedlich modelliert: So konnten drei zentrale Meta-Analysen zur Wirksamkeit von Service-Learning identifiziert werden (Celio, Durlak & Dymnicki, 2011;Conway, Amel & Gerwien, 2009;Yorio & Ye, 2012), welche in Tabelle 1 in Bezug auf verschiedene Merkmale zur zivilen Verantwortungsfähigkeit beschrieben sind. ...

... Observational research [6][7][8]: the term study tour is sometimes used to refer to tourism. It began earlier in Europe and the United States, as well as Japan and South Korea in Asia, and has progressed more rapidly since then. ...