July 2022
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245 Reads
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12 Citations
Nature Metabolism
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July 2022
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245 Reads
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12 Citations
Nature Metabolism
July 2022
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300 Reads
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25 Citations
Nature Metabolism
Early-life determinants are thought to be a major factor in the rapid increase of obesity. However, while maternal nutrition has been extensively studied, the effects of breastfeeding by the infant on the reprogramming of energy balance in childhood and throughout adulthood remain largely unknown. Here we show that delayed weaning in rat pups protects them against diet-induced obesity in adulthood, through enhanced brown adipose tissue thermogenesis and energy expenditure. In-depth metabolic phenotyping in this rat model as well as in transgenic mice reveals that the effects of prolonged suckling are mediated by increased hepatic fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) production and tanycyte-controlled access to the hypothalamus in adulthood. Specifically, FGF21 activates GABA-containing neurons expressing dopamine receptor 2 in the lateral hypothalamic area and zona incerta. Prolonged breastfeeding thus constitutes a protective mechanism against obesity by affecting long-lasting physiological changes in liver-to-hypothalamus communication and hypothalamic metabolic regulation.
December 2021
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604 Reads
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37 Citations
Nature Neuroscience
Neurons that produce gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which control fertility, complete their nose-to-brain migration by birth. However, their function depends on integration within a complex neuroglial network during postnatal development. Here, we show that rodent GnRH neurons use a prostaglandin D2 receptor DP1 signaling mechanism during infancy to recruit newborn astrocytes that ‘escort’ them into adulthood, and that the impairment of postnatal hypothalamic gliogenesis markedly alters sexual maturation by preventing this recruitment, a process mimicked by the endocrine disruptor bisphenol A. Inhibition of DP1 signaling in the infantile preoptic region, where GnRH cell bodies reside, disrupts the correct wiring and firing of GnRH neurons, alters minipuberty or the first activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis during infancy, and delays the timely acquisition of reproductive capacity. These findings uncover a previously unknown neuron-to-neural-progenitor communication pathway and demonstrate that postnatal astrogenesis is a basic component of a complex set of mechanisms used by the neuroendocrine brain to control sexual maturation.
September 2021
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21 Reads
Morphologie
Introduction et objectifs La réussite d’une gestation nécessite une grande plasticité structurale et fonctionnelle dans le système nerveux central, comme par exemple une neurogenèse dans la zone sous-ventriculaire et les bulbes olfactifs chez le rongeur. En raison du rôle crucial de l’hypothalamus dans le contrôle central de la reproduction et du comportement maternel, nous avons recherché si de nouvelles cellules étaient générées dans l’hypothalamus chez la rate au cours de la gestation et quel était leur rôle. Méthode Nous avons utilisé la bromodésoxyuridine (BrdU), un analogue de la thymidine qui s’incorpore dans les cellules en prolifération et qui est transmis à leurs descendants, afin d’identifier les cellules nouvellement générées. Nous avons réalisé des co-immunomarquages fluorescents entre la BrdU et des marqueurs des différents lignages de cellules neurales (neurones, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes) afin d’identifier le phénotype des cellules néoformées chez des rates gestantes et non gestantes. Dans le but de rechercher le rôle de cette genèse cellulaire, nous avons infusé un antimitotique (Ara-C) dans l’hypothalamus de rates gestantes et avons évalué les conséquences sur la gestation et le comportement maternel. Résultats Chez la rate non gestante, la prolifération cellulaire dans l’hypothalamus varie au cours du cycle œstral avec un pic deux jours avant l’ovulation. Les cellules nées avant l’ovulation survivent préférentiellement si une gestation survient, et ce sélectivement dans le noyau préoptique médial. Les cellules néoformées ne se différencient ni en neurones ni en astrocytes mais appartiennent au lignage oligodendroglial. L’inhibition de la prolifération cellulaire dans le noyau préoptique médial n’affecte pas la capacité à mener à terme une gestation mais induit une diminution du comportement maternel. Conclusion La gestation est associée à une oligodendrogenèse dans le noyau préoptique médial, indispensable à la survenue correcte du comportement maternel chez la rate.
September 2021
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91 Reads
Morphologie
Introduction et objectifs Les subépendymomes sont des tumeurs du système nerveux central bégnines (OMS grade I), rares, se développant en bordure des cavités ventriculaires mais dont l’origine cellulaire demeure incertaine [1]. Dans une étude précédente, nous avons mis en évidence une population de cellules présentant un profil antigénique de cellules souches neurales (nestine/sox2/vimentine/GLAST/GFAP⁺) en bordure des ventricules cérébraux, avec, par endroits, des bourgeonnements de la paroi ventriculaire enrichis en marqueurs de cellules souches neurales [2]. Afin d’explorer si ces cellules souches neurales sont susceptibles d’être à l’origine des subépendymomes, nous avons recherché si les subépendymomes expriment le même profil antigénique que les cellules souches neurales périventriculaires. Méthode Nous avons réalisé des co-immunomarquages fluorescents afin de déterminer l’expression d’un panel de marqueurs de cellules souches neurales (nestine, sox2, vimentine, GLAST, GFAP) dans une série de 14 subépendymomes. Nous avons également évalué l’expression du marqueur de prolifération Ki67, du marqueur astrocytaire S100b et du marqueur neuronal NeuN. Résultats Les immunomarquages révèlent la présence de Sox2, nestine, vimentine, GLAST, GFAP dans toutes les tumeurs analysées. Les marqueurs nestine, vimentine, GLAST et GFAP sont détectées dans la quasi-totalité des cellules. Le marqueur Sox2 est largement détecté avec cependant, une hétérogénéité au sein du tissu tumoral. Des cellules Ki67-positives co-exprimant Sox2 et nestine sont aussi observées. Le marqueur astrocytaire S100b est détecté à des taux variables entre tumeurs dans la majorité des échantillons analysés. Aucune tumeur n’exprime le marqueur neuronal NeuN. Conclusion Notre étude montre que les subépendymomes contiennent des cellules exprimant le même profil antigénique que les cellules souches neurales périventriculaires, et permet de proposer une origine cellulaire à ces tumeurs.
August 2021
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112 Reads
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53 Citations
Environmental Health Perspectives
Background: The effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) on fertility and reproductive development represent a rising concern in modern societies. Although the neuroendocrine control of sexual maturation is a major target of EDCs, little is known about the potential role of the hypothalamus in puberty and ovulation disruption transmitted across generations. Objectives: We hypothesized that developmental exposure to an environmentally relevant dose of EDC mixture could induce multi- and/or transgenerational alterations of sexual maturation and maternal care in female rats through epigenetic reprograming of the hypothalamus. We investigated the transmission of a disrupted reproductive phenotype via the maternal germline or via nongenomic mechanisms involving maternal care. Methods: Adult female Wistar rats were exposed prior to and during gestation and until the end of lactation to a mixture of the following 13 EDCs: di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), bisphenol A (BPA), vinclozolin, prochloraz, procymidone, linuron, epoxynaxole, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene, octyl methoxynimmate, 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC), butylparaben, and acetaminophen. Perinatally exposed offspring (F1) were mated with unexposed males to generate germ cell (F2) and transgenerationally exposed (F3 and F4) females. Sexual maturation, maternal behavior, and hypothalamic targets of exposure were studied across generations. Results: Germ cell (F2) and transgenerationally (F3) EDC-exposed females, but not F1, displayed delayed pubertal onset and altered folliculogenesis. We reported a transgenerational alteration of key hypothalamic genes controlling puberty and ovulation (Kiss1, Esr1, and Oxt), and we identified the hypothalamic polycomb group of epigenetic repressors as actors of this mechanism. Furthermore, we found a multigenerational reduction of maternal behavior (F1-F3) induced by a loss in hypothalamic dopaminergic signaling. Using a cross-fostering paradigm, we identified that the reduction in maternal phenotype was normalized in EDC-exposed pups raised by unexposed dams, but no reversal of the pubertal phenotype was achieved. Discussion: Rats developmentally exposed to an EDC mixture exhibited multi- and transgenerational disruption of sexual maturation and maternal care via hypothalamic epigenetic reprogramming. These results raise concerns about the impact of EDC mixtures on future generations. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP8795.
June 2020
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235 Reads
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1 Citation
Female reproductive development and maternal behavior are two intertwined phenotypes centrally controlled by the hypothalamus. Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) can alter these processes especially when animals are exposed during development. We propose the concept that developmental exposure to a low environmentally relevant dose of EDC mixture induces a transgenerational alteration of female rat pubertal timing and ovarian physiology throughout epigenetic reprograming of hypothalamic Kiss1, Esr1 and Oxt1 loci. Such exposure also caused a multigenerational reduction of maternal behavior induced by the loss in hypothalamic dopaminergic signaling. Our results identify the hypothalamic Polycomb Group of epigenetic repressors as actors of this mechanism of transgenerational reproductive disruption. Using a cross-fostering approach, we identified that while the reduction in maternal phenotype was normalized in EDC exposed pups raised by unexposed dams, no reversal of the pubertal phenotype was achieved, suggesting a germline transmission of the reproductive phenotype.
... FGF21 is an atypical member of the FGF family that functions as a hormone regulating glucose and lipid metabolism, resulting in insulin-sensitizing and hepatoprotective properties. 34 FGF21 is primarily secreted by the liver, 35 and attribute to most of the circulating FGF21 levels. 36 Multiple studies have reported that FGF21 is a key regulator in the development and progression of NAFLD. ...
July 2022
Nature Metabolism
... Estas creencias sobre prácticas de alimentación muestran la carencia de orientación sobre la importancia y los beneficios de la lactancia materna exclusiva y sobre las recomendaciones que han establecido organismos internacionales sobre cómo alimentar a infantes (UNICEF, 2019), poniendo en riesgo la práctica de la lactancia materna exclusiva y aumentando la posibilidad de sobrealimentación del hijo a corto y largo plazo (Angelo et al., 2020;Forero T. et al., 2018;González-Castell et al., 2023;Labraña et al., 2020;Zheng et al., 2020). Por lo anterior, es esencial que las madres reciban educación adecuada y oportuna sobre las principales recomendaciones de prácticas de alimentación en menores de 5 años (Mantzorou et al., 2022;Pena-Leon et al., 2022). ...
July 2022
Nature Metabolism
... ◾ Los Ast hacen parte de las células de la eminencia media del sistema endocrino que coadyuvan en la regulación de las funciones entre el hipotálamo y la hipófisis. Tal es el caso de la interacción de neuronas secretoras de GnRH del hipotálamo con los Ast recién nacidos, a través de la vía de señalización de la pge2, modulan la activación y liberación de la GnRH, una vez se ha iniciado la maduración sexual (97)(98)(99). ...
December 2021
Nature Neuroscience
... In wildlife, this can lead to population declines and even local extinctions (Canipari et al., 2020). Endocrine disruptors can also affect the development of offspring, leading to birth defects, developmental disorders, and altered sex ratios (López-Rodríguez et al., 2021). Besides reproduction, endocrine disruptors can impact other physiological processes controlled by hormones, such as growth, metabolism, and behavior (Palanza et al., 2021). ...
August 2021
Environmental Health Perspectives