Marion Martin’s research while affiliated with Université de Lille and other places

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Publications (7)


Fig. 2 | Prolonged suckling (delay weaning) increases interscapular temperature in both thermoneutral and cold exposureconditions. a-f, Delayed-weaning effects in rats fed an HFD under thermoneutral conditions on body weight (a); cumulative food intake (b); body temperature (c); infrared thermal images and quantification of BAT interscapular temperature (d); energy expenditure (e) and locomotor activity (f). g,h, Delayed-weaning effects in rats fed an HFD and exposed to cold (4 °C) for 6 h on body temperature (g) and infrared thermal images and quantification of BAT interscapular temperature at 4 °C (h). Values are represented as means ± s.e.m., n per group. Exact P values are shown. Statistical differences were determined by a two-sided Student's t-test (normal data; c-h), a two-sided Mann-Whitney U test (non-normal data and non-homogeneous variance; a and b), or an ANCOVA with body weight as a covariate (e).
Fig. 3 | Prolonged suckling activates BAT thermogenesis and browning of WAT. a-h, Effects of delayed weaning shown on infrared thermal images and quantification of BAT interscapular (iBAT) temperature (n = 10-12; a); quantification of lipid droplet cross-sectional area in BAT (n = 5; b); quantification of immunolabelling for UCP1 in BAT (n = 5; c); BAT weight (n = 10-11; d); BAT protein levels of PPARγ, PGC1α, UCP1 and FGF21 (n = 5-12; e) and pHSL, HSL and pHSL/HSL (n = 6-9; f); 18 F-FDG uptake analysis (standardized uptake value (SUV max)) of rats at room temperature (n = 4; g); and 18 F-FDG uptake analysis of rats at 4 °C (n = 4; h). Protein data were expressed as percentages in relation to control (SW-CD) animals. β-actin was used to normalize protein levels. Dividing lines indicate splicing within the same gel. Values are represented as means ± s.e.m., n per group indicated in each figure. Exact P values are shown. Statistical differences were determined by one-way ANOVA (normal data and homogeneity of variances) followed by Tukey's post hoc multiple-comparison test (a and c) or a two-sided Student's t-test (normal data; g and h) or a two-sided Mann-Whitney U test (non-normal data and non-homogeneous variance; b and d-f).
Prolonged breastfeeding protects from obesity by hypothalamic action of hepatic FGF21
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July 2022

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245 Reads

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12 Citations

Nature Metabolism

Veronica Pena-Leon

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22 Nat Metab

July 2022

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300 Reads

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25 Citations

Nature Metabolism

Early-life determinants are thought to be a major factor in the rapid increase of obesity. However, while maternal nutrition has been extensively studied, the effects of breastfeeding by the infant on the reprogramming of energy balance in childhood and throughout adulthood remain largely unknown. Here we show that delayed weaning in rat pups protects them against diet-induced obesity in adulthood, through enhanced brown adipose tissue thermogenesis and energy expenditure. In-depth metabolic phenotyping in this rat model as well as in transgenic mice reveals that the effects of prolonged suckling are mediated by increased hepatic fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) production and tanycyte-controlled access to the hypothalamus in adulthood. Specifically, FGF21 activates GABA-containing neurons expressing dopamine receptor 2 in the lateral hypothalamic area and zona incerta. Prolonged breastfeeding thus constitutes a protective mechanism against obesity by affecting long-lasting physiological changes in liver-to-hypothalamus communication and hypothalamic metabolic regulation.


GnRH neurons recruit astrocytes in infancy to facilitate network integration and sexual maturation

December 2021

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604 Reads

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37 Citations

Nature Neuroscience

Neurons that produce gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which control fertility, complete their nose-to-brain migration by birth. However, their function depends on integration within a complex neuroglial network during postnatal development. Here, we show that rodent GnRH neurons use a prostaglandin D2 receptor DP1 signaling mechanism during infancy to recruit newborn astrocytes that ‘escort’ them into adulthood, and that the impairment of postnatal hypothalamic gliogenesis markedly alters sexual maturation by preventing this recruitment, a process mimicked by the endocrine disruptor bisphenol A. Inhibition of DP1 signaling in the infantile preoptic region, where GnRH cell bodies reside, disrupts the correct wiring and firing of GnRH neurons, alters minipuberty or the first activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis during infancy, and delays the timely acquisition of reproductive capacity. These findings uncover a previously unknown neuron-to-neural-progenitor communication pathway and demonstrate that postnatal astrogenesis is a basic component of a complex set of mechanisms used by the neuroendocrine brain to control sexual maturation.


La formation de nouvelles cellules gliales dans l’hypothalamus est impliquée dans la mise en place du comportement maternel chez la rate

September 2021

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21 Reads

Morphologie

Introduction et objectifs La réussite d’une gestation nécessite une grande plasticité structurale et fonctionnelle dans le système nerveux central, comme par exemple une neurogenèse dans la zone sous-ventriculaire et les bulbes olfactifs chez le rongeur. En raison du rôle crucial de l’hypothalamus dans le contrôle central de la reproduction et du comportement maternel, nous avons recherché si de nouvelles cellules étaient générées dans l’hypothalamus chez la rate au cours de la gestation et quel était leur rôle. Méthode Nous avons utilisé la bromodésoxyuridine (BrdU), un analogue de la thymidine qui s’incorpore dans les cellules en prolifération et qui est transmis à leurs descendants, afin d’identifier les cellules nouvellement générées. Nous avons réalisé des co-immunomarquages fluorescents entre la BrdU et des marqueurs des différents lignages de cellules neurales (neurones, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes) afin d’identifier le phénotype des cellules néoformées chez des rates gestantes et non gestantes. Dans le but de rechercher le rôle de cette genèse cellulaire, nous avons infusé un antimitotique (Ara-C) dans l’hypothalamus de rates gestantes et avons évalué les conséquences sur la gestation et le comportement maternel. Résultats Chez la rate non gestante, la prolifération cellulaire dans l’hypothalamus varie au cours du cycle œstral avec un pic deux jours avant l’ovulation. Les cellules nées avant l’ovulation survivent préférentiellement si une gestation survient, et ce sélectivement dans le noyau préoptique médial. Les cellules néoformées ne se différencient ni en neurones ni en astrocytes mais appartiennent au lignage oligodendroglial. L’inhibition de la prolifération cellulaire dans le noyau préoptique médial n’affecte pas la capacité à mener à terme une gestation mais induit une diminution du comportement maternel. Conclusion La gestation est associée à une oligodendrogenèse dans le noyau préoptique médial, indispensable à la survenue correcte du comportement maternel chez la rate.


Les subépendymomes expriment des marqueurs de cellules souches neurales

September 2021

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91 Reads

Morphologie

Introduction et objectifs Les subépendymomes sont des tumeurs du système nerveux central bégnines (OMS grade I), rares, se développant en bordure des cavités ventriculaires mais dont l’origine cellulaire demeure incertaine [1]. Dans une étude précédente, nous avons mis en évidence une population de cellules présentant un profil antigénique de cellules souches neurales (nestine/sox2/vimentine/GLAST/GFAP⁺) en bordure des ventricules cérébraux, avec, par endroits, des bourgeonnements de la paroi ventriculaire enrichis en marqueurs de cellules souches neurales [2]. Afin d’explorer si ces cellules souches neurales sont susceptibles d’être à l’origine des subépendymomes, nous avons recherché si les subépendymomes expriment le même profil antigénique que les cellules souches neurales périventriculaires. Méthode Nous avons réalisé des co-immunomarquages fluorescents afin de déterminer l’expression d’un panel de marqueurs de cellules souches neurales (nestine, sox2, vimentine, GLAST, GFAP) dans une série de 14 subépendymomes. Nous avons également évalué l’expression du marqueur de prolifération Ki67, du marqueur astrocytaire S100b et du marqueur neuronal NeuN. Résultats Les immunomarquages révèlent la présence de Sox2, nestine, vimentine, GLAST, GFAP dans toutes les tumeurs analysées. Les marqueurs nestine, vimentine, GLAST et GFAP sont détectées dans la quasi-totalité des cellules. Le marqueur Sox2 est largement détecté avec cependant, une hétérogénéité au sein du tissu tumoral. Des cellules Ki67-positives co-exprimant Sox2 et nestine sont aussi observées. Le marqueur astrocytaire S100b est détecté à des taux variables entre tumeurs dans la majorité des échantillons analysés. Aucune tumeur n’exprime le marqueur neuronal NeuN. Conclusion Notre étude montre que les subépendymomes contiennent des cellules exprimant le même profil antigénique que les cellules souches neurales périventriculaires, et permet de proposer une origine cellulaire à ces tumeurs.


Figure 4. Kiss1, Esr1, Oxt, Cart, and Pomc mRNA expression and promoter chromatin state in F3 females ancestrally exposed to EDC mixture or vehicle. (A) Expression of Kiss1 Esr1, Oxt, Cart, and Pomc mRNA in the MBHPoA of infant (P6), prepubertal (P21), and adult (P60) female rats as determined by qPCR (n = 6=group). Samples originated from six different litters per group. RNA expression data were normalized by dividing each individual value by the average of the control group at every time point. (B) Abundance of the TrxG-dependent activating marks H3K4me3 and H3K9ac and the PcG-dependent repressive mark H3K27me3 at the Kiss1, Esr1, Oxt, and Pomc promoter in the prepubertal MBH-PoA of females ancestrally exposed to a mixture of EDC (F3 generation), as measured by ChIP (n = 6=group). EDC data was normalized to control. Samples originated from six different litters per group. Dotted red lines represent repressive histone modifications (H3K27me3). Green solid lines represent activatory histone modifications (H3K27me3 and H3K9ac). Bars represent mean ± SEM ( * p < 0:05, ** p < 0:01, *** p < 0:001 vs. CTL, Student's t-test). Summary data are reported in Table S3. Note: AU, arbitrary units; ChIP, chromatin immunoprecipitation; EDC, endocrine-disrupting chemicals; Oxt, oxytocin; SEM, standard error of the mean; Th, tyrosine hydroxylase.
Figure 6. Dopaminergic signaling proteins, mRNA expression and chromatin state in the female rat in utero (F1 generation) and ancestrally (F3 generation) exposed to EDC mixture or vehicle. (A) Expression of Th, Dnm1, Drd1, and Darpp32 mRNA in the MBH-PoA of infant (P6), prepubertal (P21) and adult (P60) F1 female as determined by qPCR (n = 6=group). Samples originates from six different litters per group. RNA expression data were normalized by dividing each individual value by the control group average value at every time point. (B) Methylation state at 13 CpG sites of the Th gene promoter from MBHPoA explants of F1 females at P21 (n = 6=group). Samples originates from six different litters per group. (C) Abundance of the TrxG-dependent activating marks H3K4me3 and H3K9ac and the PcG-dependent repressive mark H3K27me3 and H3K9me3 at the Th promoter in the prepubertal MBH-PoA of F1 females, as measured by ChIP (n = 6=group). Samples originate from 6 different litters per group. (D) Abundance of Th-immunoreactive cells (green) within the mPoA of F1 prepubertal female rats. (E) Quantification of Th immunoreactivity in the SN, VTA, and mPoA of F1 females. Bars represent mean number of cells per cubic millimeter ± SEM; (F) Expression of Th and Drd1 mRNA in the MBH-PoA of infant (P6), prepubertal (P21), and adult (P60) F3 females (n = 6=group). Samples originates from 6 different litters per group. (G) Methylation state at 13 CpG sites of the Th gene promoter from MBH-PoA explants of F3 females at P2 (n = 6=group) Samples originates from six different litters per group. (H) Abundance of H3K4me3, H3K9ac, H3K27me3, and H3K9me3 histone posttranslational modifications at the Th promoter in the prepubertal MBH-PoA of F3 females, as measured by ChIP (n = 6=group). Dotted red lines represent repressive histone modifications (H3K27me3 and H3K9me3). Green solid lines represent activatory histone modifications (H3K27me3 and H3K9ac). EDC data from panels A, C, F, and H were normalized to control data. Samples originates from six different litters per group. Bars represent mean ± SEM ( * p < 0:05, ** p < 0:01, *** p < 0:001 vs. CTL). Data was analyzed using either two-way ANOVA (6A), followed by Sidak's multiple comparisons test or Student's t-test (6B-H). Summary data are reported in Table S3. Note: 3V, third ventricle; ANOVA, analysis of variance; AU, arbitrary units; ChIP, chromatin immunoprecipitation; CTL, control; EDC, endocrine-disrupting chemical; SN, substantia nigra; Th, tyrosine hydroxylase; VTA, ventral tegmental area.
Figure 7. Sexual maturation and mRNA expression data in cross-fostered F2 offspring. (A) Average age at vaginal opening of cross-fostered germ cell (F2) EDC-exposed pups or controls raised by either in utero EDC-exposed dams or controls (n = 12-19=group). Samples originates from 6-12 F1 generation litters per group. (B) Percentage of cross-fostered females having regular cycle and time spent in each stage of the estrous cycle (n = 10=group). (C) Time spent by cross-fostered F2 dams displaying licking and grooming (n = 8=group). (D) Average age at VO in F3 females (n = 10=group). Samples originates from 6-10 litters. (E-H and M-P) Expression of Kiss1, Esr1, Oxt, and Th mRNA in the MBH-PoA of cross-fostered F2 and F3 pups at P21, as determined by qPCR (n = 6=group). Samples originates from six litters. Data from the CE, EC, and EE groups were normalized to the CC group. (I-L and Q-T) Abundance of the TrxG-dependent activating marks H3K4me3, H3K9ac, or the PcG-dependent repressive mark H3K27me3 at the Kiss1, Esr1, Oxt, and Th promoter in the prepubertal MBH-PoA of cross-fostered F2 and F3 females, as measured by ChIP (n = 6=group). Samples originates from six litters. Summary data are reported in Table S4. Bars represent mean ± SEM ( * p < 0:05, ** p < 0:01, *** p < 0:001 vs. CC; †p < 0:05, † †p < 0:01, † † †p < 0:001 vs. CE, one-way ANOVA). Note: ANOVA, analysis of variance; CC, control pup raised by control dam; CE, germ-cell EDC-exposed pup raised by control dam; ChIP, chromatin immunoprecipitation; D, diestrus; E, estrus; EC, control pup raised by in utero EDC-exposed dam; EDC, endocrine-disrupting chemical; EE, germ-cell EDC-exposed pup raised by in utero EDC-exposed dam; Oxt, oxytocin; P, proestrus; Reg. cycle, regular cycle; SEM, standard error of the mean; Th, tyrosine hydroxylase; VO, vaginal opening.
Literature summary showing effects of the 13 compounds used in the EDC mixture on reproductive outcomes and the hypothalamic control of reproduction.
Features of the 13 chemicals included in the EDC mixture.
Multi- and Transgenerational Outcomes of an Exposure to a Mixture of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) on Puberty and Maternal Behavior in the Female Rat

August 2021

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112 Reads

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53 Citations

Environmental Health Perspectives

Background: The effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) on fertility and reproductive development represent a rising concern in modern societies. Although the neuroendocrine control of sexual maturation is a major target of EDCs, little is known about the potential role of the hypothalamus in puberty and ovulation disruption transmitted across generations. Objectives: We hypothesized that developmental exposure to an environmentally relevant dose of EDC mixture could induce multi- and/or transgenerational alterations of sexual maturation and maternal care in female rats through epigenetic reprograming of the hypothalamus. We investigated the transmission of a disrupted reproductive phenotype via the maternal germline or via nongenomic mechanisms involving maternal care. Methods: Adult female Wistar rats were exposed prior to and during gestation and until the end of lactation to a mixture of the following 13 EDCs: di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), bisphenol A (BPA), vinclozolin, prochloraz, procymidone, linuron, epoxynaxole, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene, octyl methoxynimmate, 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC), butylparaben, and acetaminophen. Perinatally exposed offspring (F1) were mated with unexposed males to generate germ cell (F2) and transgenerationally exposed (F3 and F4) females. Sexual maturation, maternal behavior, and hypothalamic targets of exposure were studied across generations. Results: Germ cell (F2) and transgenerationally (F3) EDC-exposed females, but not F1, displayed delayed pubertal onset and altered folliculogenesis. We reported a transgenerational alteration of key hypothalamic genes controlling puberty and ovulation (Kiss1, Esr1, and Oxt), and we identified the hypothalamic polycomb group of epigenetic repressors as actors of this mechanism. Furthermore, we found a multigenerational reduction of maternal behavior (F1-F3) induced by a loss in hypothalamic dopaminergic signaling. Using a cross-fostering paradigm, we identified that the reduction in maternal phenotype was normalized in EDC-exposed pups raised by unexposed dams, but no reversal of the pubertal phenotype was achieved. Discussion: Rats developmentally exposed to an EDC mixture exhibited multi- and transgenerational disruption of sexual maturation and maternal care via hypothalamic epigenetic reprogramming. These results raise concerns about the impact of EDC mixtures on future generations. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP8795.


Figure 3. Estrous cycle, ovarian follicle development and ovarian weight across generation (F1-F3 747 generation) of female rats exposed to an EDC mixture or vehicle (F0 generation). (a-c left) Percentage of 748 females having regular cycle and average time spent in different stages of the estrous cycle by rats exposed 749 to the EDC mixture in utero (F1, n=20/group), through germ cell (F2, n=15/group) or ancestrally (F3, n=14-750 15/group). (a-c middle) Number of ovarian follicles per mm 3 throughout development, corporal lutea and 751 cysts quantified at P60 in F1, F2 and F3 females (n=9-10/group). (a-c right) Ovarian weight measured at 752 P60 in F1 (n=14/group), F2 (n=16/group) and F3 (n=9-10/group) females. Reg. cycle= regular cycle, P= 753 proestrus, E= estrus, D= diestrus. Bars represent mean ±s.e.m. (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs. 754 CTL, Student's t-test or two-way ANOVA). 755
Figure 4. Kiss1, Esr1, Oxt, Cart and Pomc mRNA expression and promoter chromatin state in the female 756 rat ancestrally (F3 generation) exposed to an EDC mixture or vehicle. (a) Expression of Kiss1 Esr1, Oxt, 757 Cart and Pomc mRNA in the MBH of infant (P6), prepubertal (P21) and adult (P60) female rats as 758 determined by qPCR (n=6/group). AU = arbitrary units. RNA expression data were normalized by dividing 759 each individual value by the average of the control group at every time point. (b) Abundance of the TrxG-760 dependent activating marks H3K4me3 and H3K9ac and the PcG-dependent repressive mark H3K27me3 at 761 the Kiss1, Esr1, Oxt and Pomc promoter in the prepubertal MBH of females ancestrally exposed to a mixture 762 of EDC (F3 generation), as measured by ChIP (n=6/group). Bars represent mean ± s.e.m. (*P < 0.05, **P < 763 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs. CTL, Student's t-test). 764
Figure 5. Maternal behavior displayed by female rats exposed to a mixture of EDC throughout 4 765 generations. (a-d left) Time spent by dams displaying licking and grooming behavior toward pups after 766 direct (F0 generation, n=15/group), in utero and through lactation (F1 generation, n=10-11/group), germ-767 cell (F2 generation, n=11/group) or ancestral (F3 generation, n=11/group) exposure to an EDC mixture or 768 vehicle from P2 to 8. Bar graph shows pooled time licking and grooming from P2-8. (a-d right) Time spent 769 by dams resting alone outside the nest not being involved in maternal care throughout generations (F0-F3 770 generation). Bar graph shows pooled time spent resting alone from P2-8. Plotted lines represent average of 771 time ± s.e.m. (*P < 0.05 vs. CTL, two-way ANOVA followed by Sidak's multiple comparisons test). 772
Figure 7. F2 cross-fostered offspring sexual maturation and mRNA expression data. (a) Average age at 791 vaginal opening of cross-fostered germ-cell EDC exposed pups or control raised by either in utero EDC 792 exposed dams or control (n=12-19/group) (b) Percentage of cross-fostered females having regular cycle and 793 time spent in different stages of the estrous cycle (n=10/group) (c-f) Expression of Kiss1 Esr1, Oxt, and Th 794 mRNA in the MBH of F2 and F3 generation crossfostered pups at P21, as determined by qPCR (n=6/group). 795 (g-j) Abundance of the TrxG-dependent activating marks H3K4me3, H3K9ac or the PcG-dependent 796 repressive mark H3K27me3 at the Kiss1, Esr1, Oxt and Th promoter in the prepubertal MBH of females 797 crossfostered from the F3 generation, as measured by ChIP (n=6/group). Reg. cycle= regular cycle, P= 798 proestrus, E= estrus, D= diestrus. CC= control pup raised by control dam; EC: control pup raised by in utero 799 EDC exposed dam; EE= germ-cell EDC exposed pup raised raised by in utero EDC exposed dam; CE= 800 germ-cell EDC exposed pup raised by control dam. Bars represent mean ± s.e.m. (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, 801 ***P < 0.001 vs. CC; †P < 0.05, † †P < 0.01, † † †P < 0.001 vs. CE, one-way ANOVA). 802
Multi- and transgenerational disruption of maternal behavior and female puberty by Endocrine Disrupting Chemical (EDC) mixture exposure

June 2020

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235 Reads

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1 Citation

Female reproductive development and maternal behavior are two intertwined phenotypes centrally controlled by the hypothalamus. Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) can alter these processes especially when animals are exposed during development. We propose the concept that developmental exposure to a low environmentally relevant dose of EDC mixture induces a transgenerational alteration of female rat pubertal timing and ovarian physiology throughout epigenetic reprograming of hypothalamic Kiss1, Esr1 and Oxt1 loci. Such exposure also caused a multigenerational reduction of maternal behavior induced by the loss in hypothalamic dopaminergic signaling. Our results identify the hypothalamic Polycomb Group of epigenetic repressors as actors of this mechanism of transgenerational reproductive disruption. Using a cross-fostering approach, we identified that while the reduction in maternal phenotype was normalized in EDC exposed pups raised by unexposed dams, no reversal of the pubertal phenotype was achieved, suggesting a germline transmission of the reproductive phenotype.

Citations (4)


... FGF21 is an atypical member of the FGF family that functions as a hormone regulating glucose and lipid metabolism, resulting in insulin-sensitizing and hepatoprotective properties. 34 FGF21 is primarily secreted by the liver, 35 and attribute to most of the circulating FGF21 levels. 36 Multiple studies have reported that FGF21 is a key regulator in the development and progression of NAFLD. ...

Reference:

Oleuropein mitigates non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and modulates liver metabolites in high‐fat diet‐induced obese mice via activating PPARα
Prolonged breastfeeding protects from obesity by hypothalamic action of hepatic FGF21

Nature Metabolism

... Estas creencias sobre prácticas de alimentación muestran la carencia de orientación sobre la importancia y los beneficios de la lactancia materna exclusiva y sobre las recomendaciones que han establecido organismos internacionales sobre cómo alimentar a infantes (UNICEF, 2019), poniendo en riesgo la práctica de la lactancia materna exclusiva y aumentando la posibilidad de sobrealimentación del hijo a corto y largo plazo (Angelo et al., 2020;Forero T. et al., 2018;González-Castell et al., 2023;Labraña et al., 2020;Zheng et al., 2020). Por lo anterior, es esencial que las madres reciban educación adecuada y oportuna sobre las principales recomendaciones de prácticas de alimentación en menores de 5 años (Mantzorou et al., 2022;Pena-Leon et al., 2022). ...

22 Nat Metab

Nature Metabolism

... ◾ Los Ast hacen parte de las células de la eminencia media del sistema endocrino que coadyuvan en la regulación de las funciones entre el hipotálamo y la hipófisis. Tal es el caso de la interacción de neuronas secretoras de GnRH del hipotálamo con los Ast recién nacidos, a través de la vía de señalización de la pge2, modulan la activación y liberación de la GnRH, una vez se ha iniciado la maduración sexual (97)(98)(99). ...

GnRH neurons recruit astrocytes in infancy to facilitate network integration and sexual maturation

Nature Neuroscience

... In wildlife, this can lead to population declines and even local extinctions (Canipari et al., 2020). Endocrine disruptors can also affect the development of offspring, leading to birth defects, developmental disorders, and altered sex ratios (López-Rodríguez et al., 2021). Besides reproduction, endocrine disruptors can impact other physiological processes controlled by hormones, such as growth, metabolism, and behavior (Palanza et al., 2021). ...

Multi- and Transgenerational Outcomes of an Exposure to a Mixture of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) on Puberty and Maternal Behavior in the Female Rat

Environmental Health Perspectives