Marie Groth’s research while affiliated with Carl Gustav Carus-Institut and other places

... Further data from the ongoing KYRIOS open-label, prospective study showed that pwMS on ofatumamab are able to produce an immune response to the COVID-19 mRNA vaccine [16,17]. All participants in KYRIOS who were vaccinated during treatment developed an immune response as soon as the first week after their initial vaccination, and the response in those who received a booster shot during treatment was similar to those who received a booster before treatment [16][17][18]. ...

Reference:

Immune response to COVID-19 vaccines in patients with multiple sclerosis treated with disease-modifying therapies

... 8 Neutralizing antibody titers observed under continued ofatumumab in the present analysis on average were as high as previously reported for patients receiving their booster before ofatumumab 3 or during treatment with other DMT. 9 Compared to healthy individuals, 8 neutralizing antibody titers reached after booster vaccination under continued ofatumumab treatment seem slightly lower. However, a threshold for a protective effect has not been quantified and possibly will never be, as humoral response constitutes only one pillar of the immune response against SARS-CoV-2. ...

Reference:

Neutralizing antibody titers over 12 months after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine booster in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis continuously treated with ofatumumab

... These results underscore the importance of booster vaccination in ofatumumab-treated patients, as it enhances the immune response regardless of their treatment status during the initial vaccination. 54 While the end of the pandemic has significantly reduced the immediate risk of SARS-CoV-2 in the population, it remains crucial to continue analyzing the rates of severe COVID-19 disease and vaccine responses which can have broader implications for responding to other viral infections and enhancing future vaccination strategies. ...

Reference:

Profile of Ofatumumab in the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis: Design, Development and Place in Therapy

... Finally, most of our cohort received RTX or OCR, limiting our conclusions regarding other anti-CD20 therapies such as OMB, because of its more recent approval. While available data suggest that OMB also impairs humoral immune responses after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 vaccination, 48 it seems to do so to a lesser extent compared with RTX or OCR. 49 However, the current evidence is limited, and larger studies are required to better understand the potential differences in vaccine responses among the various anti-CD20 therapies. ...

Reference:

Effect of the Number of Vaccine Doses Before Starting Anti-CD20 Therapy on Seroprotection Rates Against Hepatitis B Virus in People With MS

... Th2 cells play a crucial role in eradicating parasites like Nippostrongylus brasiliensis [62]. Th2 cells also assist B cells in producing antibodies against extracellular pathogens [63]. Furthermore, Th2 cells secrete anti-inflammatory cytokines that interfere with the functioning of Th1 cells and inflammatory phagocytes [64]. ...

Reference:

The roles of Th cells in myocardial infarction