María Isabel Fernández-San-Martín’s research while affiliated with Institut Universitari d'investigació en Atenció Primària "Jordi Gol" and other places

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Publications (16)


Figure 2. trends in mean burnout scores and 95% confidence intervals across dimensions of the Maslach Burnout inventory in family doctors: a comparison of three repeated cross-sectional surveys. Key: t1 (first cross section: June-July 2021), t2 (second cross section: March-april 2022), t3 (third cross section: May-June 2023). ci: confidence interval.
Socio-demographic and work setting features of participants.
prevalence of burnout in Gps, disaggregated by Maslach Burnout inventory dimensions.
prevalence of burnout in Gps for each dimension of the Maslach Burnout inventory, and socio-demographic and work related variables.
Burnout among Catalan general practitioners. A repeated cross-sectional study, during and after the COVID-19 pandemic
  • Article
  • Full-text available

April 2025

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10 Reads

Maria Miñana- Castellanos

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María Isabel Fernández-San-Martín

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María Rodríguez-Barragán

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[...]

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Background: COVID-19 pandemic caused a significant impact on healthcare workers' mental health and burnout, which continues after the pandemic. Objectives: To assess the levels of burnout in general practitioners (GP) in Catalonia at three different times. Methods: Cross-sectional study involving members of the GPs' Catalan Society (n = 4700). A self-administered survey was sent via institutional email in June-July 2021 (T1), in March-April 2022 (T2), and in May-June 2023 (T3). Probable burnout was assessed through Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) test, with three independent dimensions: emotional exhaustion, depersonalisation, and personal achievement. A descriptive analysis was performed, as well as a comparison between T1, T2, and T3 results. Results: 500 GPs responded in T1, 454 in T2, and 386 in T3. Samples were similar in demographic variables. Regarding burnout dimensions, the level of emotional exhaustion was 67.5% in T1, with a statistically significant decrease in T2 and T3 (56.4 and 58.1%, respectively, p = 0.001); levels of depersonalisation were 42.7% in T1, 37.0% in T2 and 36.7% in T3 (p = 0.091); levels of personal achievement were 29.9% in T1, 30.4% in T2 and 24.2% in T3 (p = 0.086). Starting at high levels of emotional exhaustion and depersonalisation, the prevalence decreased significantly over time in two groups: women and GPs who worked <10 years at the same workplace. Conclusion: Catalan GPs experienced significant burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic with emotional exhaustion being particularly high. Although the prevalence of burnout decreased slightly over time, over half of the participants consistently reported high levels of emotional exhaustion.

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Cost-effectiveness and cost-utility study of a psychoeducational group intervention for people with depression and physical comorbidity in primary care

March 2024

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21 Reads

Enfermería Clínica (English Edition)

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María Isabel Fernández-San-Martín

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Jaume Martín-Royo

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[...]

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Q. Foguet-Boreu

Burnout en especialistas de MedicinaFamiliar y Comunitaria de Cataluña durantela quinta ola de la pandemia COVID-19

October 2023

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34 Reads

Revista Clínica de Medicina de Familia

Objetivo: la pandemia de la COVID-19 ha tenido un impacto psicológico en los profesionales sanitarios, a menudo manifestándose como burnout. Nuestro objetivo fue estimar la prevalencia del burnout en médicas y médicos de familia de Cataluña durante la pandemia e identificar factores sociodemográficos, laborales y de salud mental asociados. Métodos: estudio descriptivo transversal basado en una encuesta online realizada entre junio y julio de 2021. Se invitó a participar a los 4.700 socios y socias de la Societat Catalana de Medicina Familiar i Comunitària (CAMFiC) y se obtuvo un 11% de respuesta (n = 522). Medidas principales: Maslach Burnout Inventory, con tres dimensiones: agotamiento emocional, despersonalización y realización personal. Análisis bivariante y regresión logística múltiple (variable dependiente: nivel elevado de afectación para cada dimensión de burnout). Resultados: el 67,5% de encuestados presentó niveles altos de agotamiento emocional, el 42,7% de despersonalización y el 29,9% de niveles bajos de realización personal. La prevalencia de agotamiento emocional elevado fue mayor entre las mujeres y los expuestos a pacientes con COVID-19. La edad y años de antigüedad laboral se asoció de forma inversa a agotamiento emocional y despersonalización alta. En el análisis multivariante, la depresión se asoció a despersonalización alta y realización personal baja, la ansiedad a agotamiento emocional alto, y el estrés a las tres dimensiones. Conclusiones: después de 1 año de pandemia, existen niveles elevados de burnout en los médicos y médicas de familia, particularmente en la dimensión de agotamiento emocional. Son necesarias medidas organizativas para proteger la salud mental de las/los profesionales. Palabras clave: Atención Primaria, burnout profesional, médicos y médicas de familia, pandemia de la COVID-19, estudio transversal.


Measuring depression in Primary Health Care in Spain: Psychometric properties and diagnostic accuracy of HSCL-5 and HSCL-10

January 2023

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509 Reads

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11 Citations

Background Depression has a high prevalence among European countries. Several instruments have been designed to assess its symptoms in different populations. The Hopkins Symptom Checklist 25 (HSCL-25) scale has been identified as valid, reproducible, effective, and easy to use. There are short versions of this scale that could be useful in Primary Care (PC) settings, but their psychometric properties are unknown. Aim To assess in PC patients the psychometric properties and diagnostic accuracy of the Spanish version of the HSCL-10 and the HSCL-5 consisting of 10 and 5 items, respectively. Methods A multicenter, cross-sectional study was carried out at six PC centers in Spain. The HSCL-25 was administered to outpatients aged 45–75 who also participated in the structured Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). HSCL-10 and HSCL-5 were assessed and compared to HSCL-25 regarding total score correlation, internal consistency, and criterion validity against the gold-standard CIDI. This is a methodological study from a secondary data analysis and the primary data has been previously published. Results Out of 790 patients, 767 completed the HSCL-25 and 736 the CIDI interview (96.0%). Cronbach’s Alpha was 0.84 for HSCL-10 and 0.77 for HSCL-5. The known-group method and confirmatory factor analysis were acceptable for the establishment of construct validity. Sensitivity was 79.7% (CI95%, 67.7–88.0%) for HSCL-10, and 78.0% (CI95%, 65.9–86.6%) for HSCL-5, whereas specificity was 83% (CI95%, 80.0–85.7%) for HSCL-10, and 72.8% (CI95%, 69.3–76.0%) for HSCL-5. Area under the curve against CIDI was 0.88 (CI95%, 0.84–0.92%) for HSCL-10, and 0.85 (CI95%, 0.81–0.89%) for HSCL-5. Optimum cutoff point calculated with Youden Index was 1.90 for the HSCL-10 and 1.80 for the HSCL-5. Conclusion HSCL-10 and HSCL-5 are reliable and valid tools to detect depression symptoms and can be used in PC settings.


Sociodemographic characteristics of the sample.
Fit indices in the studied factor models.
Confirmatory factorial analysis: factor loading values and correlation between two depres- sion and anxiety factors.
Cronbach's alpha coefficient of each item, globally and by subscales.
Validation and Psychometric Properties of the Spanish Version of the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 Scale for Depression Detection in Primary Care

July 2021

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244 Reads

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15 Citations

Depression constitutes a major public health problem due to its high prevalence and difficulty in diagnosis. The Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 (HSCL-25) scale has been identified as valid, reproducible, effective, and easy to use in primary care (PC). The purpose of the study was to assess the psychometric properties of the HSCL-25 and validate its Spanish version. A multicenter cross-sectional study was carried out at six PC centers in Spain. Validity and reliability were assessed against the structured Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Out of the 790 patients, 769 completed the HSCL-25; 738 answered all the items. Global Cronbach’s alpha was 0.92 (0.88 as calculated for the depression dimension and 0.83 for the anxiety one). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) showed one global factor and two correlated factors with a correlation of 0.84. Area under the curve (AUC) was 0.89 (CI 95%, 0.86–0.93%). For a 1.75 cutoff point, sensibility was 88.1% (CI 95%, 77.1–95.1%) and specificity was 76.7% (CI 95%, 73.3–79.8%). The Spanish version of the HSCL-25 has a high response percentage, validity, and reliability and is well-accepted by PC patients.



Sociodemographic and clinical variables at baseline.
Effectiveness of a Psychoeducational Group Intervention Carried Out by Nurses for Patients with Depression and Physical Comorbidity in Primary Care: Randomized Clinical Trial

March 2021

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235 Reads

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12 Citations

The association between physical illness and depression implies a poorer management of chronic disease and a lower response to antidepressant treatments. Our study evaluates the effectiveness of a psychoeducational group intervention led by Primary Care (PC) nurses, aimed at patients of this kind. It is a randomized, multicenter clinical trial with intervention (IG) and control groups (CG), blind response variables, and a one year follow-up. The study included 380 patients ≥50 years of age from 18 PC teams. The participants presented depression (BDI-II > 12) and a physical comorbidity: diabetes mellitus type 2, ischemic heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and/or asthma. The IG (n = 204) received the psychoeducational intervention (12 weekly sessions of 90 min), and the CG (n = 176) had standard care. The patients were evaluated at baseline, and at 4 and 12 months. The main outcome measures were clinical remission of depressive symptoms (BDI-II ≤ 13) and therapeutic response (reduction of depressive symptoms by 50%). Remission was not significant at four months. At 12 months it was 53.9% in the IG and 41.5% in the CG. (OR = 0.61, 95% CI, 0.49–0.76). At 4 months the response in the IG (OR = 0.59, 95% CI, 0.44–0.78) was significant, but not at 12 months. The psychoeducational group intervention led by PC nurses for individuals with depression and physical comorbidity has been shown to be effective for remission at long-term and for therapeutic response at short-term.


Calidad de vida en personas con depresión y comorbilidad física desde una perspectiva de género

January 2021

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59 Reads

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4 Citations

Atención Primaria

Resumen Objetivo El objetivo del estudio es describir la percepción de la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud de personas con depresión y comorbilidad física bajo una perspectiva de género. Se incluyeron 380 individuos mayores de 49 años con, al menos, una patología de las siguientes: diabetes, enfermedad obstructiva pulmonar crónica y cardiopatía isquémica, reclutadas en 31 equipos de atención primaria de Cataluña. La calidad de vida se midió con la escala EuroQol (EQ-5D). Además, se recogieron variables sociodemográficas, gravedad de depresión, índice de privación económica y ámbito de residencia. Se evaluó la relación ajustada entre el sexo y las dimensiones de calidad de vida, mediante una regresión logística multivariante. Resultados El 81,3% fueron mujeres; la media de edad fue de 68,4 años (DE: 8,8), La media de la escala visual analógica fue de 57,8 (DE: 17,4) en hombres y 55,8 (DE: 18,6) en mujeres. La media del EQ-Health Index fue de 0,74 (DE: 0,17) en hombres y 0,65 (DE: 0,21) en mujeres (p = 0,001). La probabilidad de presentar problemas en las dimensiones del EQ-5D mostró el sexo como factor de más peso (mujer = 1/hombre = 0) en: autocuidado OR: 2,29 (IC 95% 1,04 a 5,07) y actividades cotidianas OR: 3,09 (IC 95% 1,67 a 5,71). La movilidad se asoció con la edad OR: 1,87 (IC 95% 1,22 a 2,86), el ámbito de residencia con el dolor OR: 2,51 (IC 95% 1,18 a 5,34) y el Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) con la ansiedad/depresión OR: 4,77 (IC 95% 1,77 a 12,88). Conclusión La percepción en la calidad de vida de las mujeres con depresión y comorbilidad física es inferior a la de los hombres, siendo en ambos casos inferior a la de población general.


Traducción y adaptación transcultural al español, catalán y gallego de la escala Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 para la detección de depresión en Atención Primaria

July 2020

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523 Reads

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6 Citations

Atención Primaria

Resumen Objetivo Describir el proceso de traducción y adaptación transcultural de la escala Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 (HSCL-25) al español, catalán y gallego. Diseño Traducción, adaptación transcultural y análisis de la comprensibilidad mediante entrevistas cognitivas. Emplazamiento Unidades de Investigación de Atención Primaria de Barcelona y Vigo. Participantes Médicos de familia y pacientes de Atención Primaria. Mediciones principales Siguiendo las guías de la International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR), se realizaron: 1) traducción directa; 2) estudio piloto basado en metodología Delphi con médicos de familia; 3) retrotraducción; 4) análisis de equivalencias; 5) análisis de comprensibilidad de las versiones obtenidas en español, catalán y gallego mediante entrevista cognitiva en una muestra de pacientes, y 6) armonización transcultural. Resultados En el estudio Delphi participaron 73 médicos de familia. El consenso se estableció en la primera ronda para la traducción española y catalana, y en la segunda ronda para la gallega. Las retrotraducciones fueron similares en los 3 idiomas. Todas las versiones fueron equivalentes entre ellas y respecto a la versión original inglesa. En la entrevista cognitiva participaron 10 pacientes por cada idioma, sin que se modificara la redacción de los ítems. Conclusiones Las traducciones de la escala HSCL-25 en español, catalán y gallego son equivalentes semántica y conceptualmente a la versión original. Las traducciones son comprensibles y bien aceptadas por los pacientes.


Citations (11)


... To the best of our knowledge, just one study has directly contrasted HSCL-5 and HSCL-10 against a structured diagnostic interview. A recent Spanish study demonstrated good reliability and validity of both tools for detecting depression (Rodríguez-Barragán et al., 2023). Additionally, a recent Norwegian study assessed HSCL-5's capacity for iden tifying cases in the general population, and its findings indicate that HSCL-5 effectively identifies people with generalized anxiety disorder or major depressive disorder within this context (Kirkøen et al., Manuscript in preparation). ...

Reference:

Assessing Diagnostic Precision: Adaptations of the Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL-5/10/25) Among Tertiary-Level Students in Norway
Measuring depression in Primary Health Care in Spain: Psychometric properties and diagnostic accuracy of HSCL-5 and HSCL-10

... and the specificity was 76.7% (95% CI: 73.3-79.8%). Furthermore, the scale demonstrated good test-retest reliability, with an intra-class correlation coefficient of 0.92 (95% CI: 0.87-0.95)13 .Sociodemographic characteristics were considered independent variables, which included sex, age, socioeconomic status, municipality of residence, level of education, marital status, household ...

Validation and Psychometric Properties of the Spanish Version of the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 Scale for Depression Detection in Primary Care

... Nessa perspectiva, sistemas públicos universais ancorados num modelo de atenção primária à saúde (APS) robusta, resolutiva, integral, acessível, social e culturalmente orientada apresentaram maior potencial de abordagem abrangente e proativa de atenção e vigilância à saúde dos usuários sintomáticos na pandemia [6][7][8][9] . ...

El papel de la atención primaria en la crisis sanitaria por COVID-19. Experiencia de un equipo de Atención Primaria urbano

Atención Primaria

... Psychoeducation about healthy coping strategies could be beneficial too [60]. Community mental health centers and telehealth services can be pivotal in delivering these interventions effectively [61,62]. Public health strategies are necessary to incorporate comprehensive stress management programs, particularly in low and middle-income countries. ...

Effectiveness of a Psychoeducational Group Intervention Carried Out by Nurses for Patients with Depression and Physical Comorbidity in Primary Care: Randomized Clinical Trial

... Las mujeres suelen presentar, generalmente, un mayor nivel de ansiedad/depresión respecto a los hombres (29)(30)(31). Con relación al COVID-19, se detecta en la población estudiada una mayor afectación en la dimensión ansiedad/ depresión en las mujeres hecho que también abalan otros estudios (25,27). Sería interesante estudiar si existen otros factores más allá de la infección por COVID-19 que sean los causantes de esta afectación. ...

Calidad de vida en personas con depresión y comorbilidad física desde una perspectiva de género

Atención Primaria

... This freely available scale does not require publication permission. It was developed by Derogatis et al. 11 and later translated and validated into Spanish by Claveria et al. 12 . This checklist consists of two dimensions: the first assesses anxiety symptoms (Items 1-10), while the second focuses on depression symptoms (Items 11-25). ...

Traducción y adaptación transcultural al español, catalán y gallego de la escala Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 para la detección de depresión en Atención Primaria

Atención Primaria

... As intervenções psicoeducativas constituem uma importante ferramenta na promoção da saúde mental. Diversos autores trazem evidências sobre tais intervenções, constatando sua efetividade na qualidade de vida e bem-estar emocional, além de proporcionarem autoconhecimento, empoderamento, conscientização e manejo de sintomas nos transtornos mentais (Selaskowski, 2022;Bröms et al., 2020;Joas et al., 2019;O'Donoghue et al., 2018;Powell, 2022;Ivezi´C, 2017;Vilar et al., 2020;Casañas et al., 2019;Pimentel;Siquara, 2017;Brazão, 2020;Chan et al., 2019). A psicoeducação envolve a transmissão de conhecimento sobre um fenômeno específico, quadro clínico ou estado de saúde do indivíduo Dias, 2018). ...

Effectiveness of a psychoeducation group intervention conducted by primary healthcare nurses in patients with depression and physical comorbidity: study protocol for a randomized, controlled trial

BMC Health Services Research

... People with severe mental disorders too often have a sedentary lifestyle and do not perform any kind of physical activity (Sampogna et al., 2022a;Sampogna et al., 2022b;Correll et al., 2022;Højlund et al., 2022). Several psychosocial interventions with a specific focus on physical activity and other healthy lifestyle behaviours-such as quit smoking and balanced diet-have been recently developed for people with severe mental disorders (Masa-Font et al., 2015;Speyer et al., 2016;De Rosa et al., 2017;Swift et al., 2021). These interventions showed promising results in terms of reduction of the long-term morbidity and mortality, but a few data are available on their efficacy on adherence to treatments. ...

The effectiveness of a program of physical activity and diet to modify cardiovascular risk factors in patients with severe mental illness after 3-month follow-up: CAPiCOR randomized clinical trial
  • Citing Article
  • November 2015

European Psychiatry

... Blood pressure was measured three times during the intervention on the left arm with the participants resting in a seated position (see Fig. 1 for experimental plan). Each measure was taken three times at two-minute intervals (Vinyoles et al., 2010). The participants rested for 5 min before the measurements. ...

BLOOD PRESSURE MEASUREMENT: THE WAITING TIME BETWEEN READINGS: PP.14.18
  • Citing Article
  • June 2010

Journal of Hypertension

... Ten meta-analyses between 2010 and 2024 have reviewed objective and subjective outcomes of lifestyle intervention programs in people with serious mental illness. [164][165][166][167][168][169][170][171][172][173] Overall, they have reported modest weight, BMI, and waist circumference improvements. Lifestyle interventions have also been found to improve mental health outcomes, including reduced symptoms of depression and anxiety among program participants. ...

The Effectiveness of Lifestyle Interventions to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk in Patients with Severe Mental Disorders: Meta-Analysis of Intervention Studies
  • Citing Article
  • June 2013

Community Mental Health Journal