Manuel Castells’s scientific contributions

... However, over time, the network's breadth and depth significantly expanded, forming a distinct core-periphery structure. Cities are interdependent components within a broader system, interconnected through information networks, privileged communication channels, and transportation routes, enabling shared dynamics (Castells, 1996). In contrast, the city-knowledge element network remained stable, with steady growth in both density and average degree. ...

Reference:

The co-evolution of internal knowledge characteristics of cities and external technology transfer: based on a cross-level network perspective