Maniga Josephat’s scientific contributions

Today, tablets are one of the most widely used pharmaceutical dosage forms. Both active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) and inactive ingredients such as disintegrants are found in pharmaceutical dosage forms. Disintegrants are essential for dissolving the tablet into small particles and increasing the surface area of the API when it is exposed to gastrointestinal fluids. As a result, choosing the right type and concentration of disintegrant is often the most important aspect in determining tablet quality. Effect of Musa acuminata starch concentration on the disintegrant activity of paracetamol tablets was now researched on. Starch from unripe banana fruits was extracted with distilled water and 0.05M sodium hydroxide. Banana starch powder at concentrations of 5, 10 and 15% w/w were used to formulate paracetamol tablets by direct compression. Starch powder and tablet properties were evaluated. Increase in concentration of banana starch powder from 5-15% w/w led to a decrease in disintegration time, weight variation, and an increase in friability. The tablets formulated from banana starch at all concentration were comparable to tablet properties in the standard BP 2009. The starch powder pH, true density, bulk density, tapped density, angle of repose, Hausner's ratio and Carr's index were 6.57, 1.51g/ ml, 0.55g/ml, 0.61g/ml, 32.3 o , 1.11 and 9.90, respectively. The tablets exhibited disintegration time, weight variation, thickness, and friability values ranging from 0.55-0.44min, 1.66-0.59%, 4-3.39mm, 0.13-0.55%, respectively. The tablets met acceptable Pharmacopoeia requirements at starch concentration studied. Results revealed that banana starch could be used as a disintegrant in paracetamol tablet formulation due its comparable properties with the standard BP 2009 specifications. Musa acuminata starch when used at concentration of 15% gives optimum disintegrant activity.

Phyllanthus amarus belongs to the Euphorbiaceae family, it is a tiny herb that is known for its medical benefits and used widely globally. It is also an essential plant in the Indian Ayurveda medical system, and is used to treat stomach, genitourinary, liver and kidney problems and disorders. It is an astringent with bitter, stomachic, diuretic, febrifuge, and antiseptic in gonorrhea, menorrhagia, and other genital disorders, the entire plant is employed in eastern Asia for the treatment of infections. It helps with gastritis, diarrhea, dysentery, intermittent fevers, scabies, ulcers, and wounds. The present study aimed at addressing its activity against Streptococcus pyogenes for the treatment of tonsillitis and also it's potential as a possible source of new antimicrobial product for tonsillitis. Distilled water (maceration method) was used in the extraction of aqueous leaf extracts of Phyllanthus amarus. Different phytochemical screening techniques were used to identify the phytochemicals present in the aqueous leaf extract of Phyllanthus amarus. The Agar well diffusion and broth dilution test methods were used to test for the in-vitro anti-bacterial activity of the aqueous leaf extract of Phyllanthus amarus against Streptococcus pyogenes. The percentage yield of Phyllanthus amarus aqueous leaf extracted was 13.88% (83.3mg). From the results of this research Phyllanthus amarus could be a good source for future drug developments, from the aqueous leaf extract of Phyllanthus amarus in order to address the issue of need for new antibiotics due to the alarming burden of antimicrobial resistance.

Phyllanthus amarus belongs to the Euphorbiaceae family, it is a tiny herb that is known for its medical benefits and used widely globally. It is also an essential plant in the Indian Ayurveda medical system, and is used to treat stomach, genitourinary, liver and kidney problems and disorders. It is an astringent with bitter, stomachic, diuretic, febrifuge, and antiseptic in gonorrhea, menorrhagia, and other genital disorders, the entire plant is employed in eastern Asia for the treatment of infections. It helps with gastritis, diarrhea, dysentery, intermittent fevers, scabies, ulcers, and wounds. The present study aimed at addressing its activity against Streptococcus pyogenes for the treatment of tonsillitis and also it's potential as a possible source of new antimicrobial product for tonsillitis. Distilled water (maceration method) was used in the extraction of aqueous leaf extracts of Phyllanthus amarus. Different phytochemical screening techniques were used to identify the phytochemicals present in the aqueous leaf extract of Phyllanthus amarus. The Agar well diffusion and broth dilution test methods were used to test for the in-vitro anti-bacterial activity of the aqueous leaf extract of Phyllanthus amarus against Streptococcus pyogenes. The percentage yield of Phyllanthus amarus aqueous leaf extracted was 13.88% (83.3mg). From the results of this research Phyllanthus amarus could be a good source for future drug developments, from the aqueous leaf extract of Phyllanthus amarus in order to address the issue of need for new antibiotics due to the alarming burden of antimicrobial resistance.

Today, tablets are one of the most widely used pharmaceutical dosage forms. Both active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) and inactive ingredients such as disintegrants are found in pharmaceutical dosage forms. Disintegrants are essential for dissolving the tablet into small particles and increasing the surface area of the API when it is exposed to gastrointestinal fluids. As a result, choosing the right type and concentration of disintegrant is often the most important aspect in determining tablet quality. Effect of Musa acuminata starch concentration on the disintegrant activity of paracetamol tablets was now researched on. Starch from unripe banana fruits was extracted with distilled water and 0.05M sodium hydroxide. Banana starch powder at concentrations of 5, 10 and 15% w/w were used to formulate paracetamol tablets by direct compression. Starch powder and tablet properties were evaluated. Increase in concentration of banana starch powder from 5-15% w/w led to a decrease in disintegration time, weight variation, and an increase in friability. The tablets formulated from banana starch at all concentration were comparable to tablet properties in the standard BP 2009. The starch powder pH, true density, bulk density, tapped density, angle of repose, Hausner's ratio and Carr's index were 6.57, 1.51g/ ml, 0.55g/ml, 0.61g/ml, 32.3 o , 1.11 and 9.90, respectively. The tablets exhibited disintegration time, weight variation, thickness, and friability values ranging from 0.55-0.44min, 1.66-0.59%, 4-3.39mm, 0.13-0.55%, respectively. The tablets met acceptable Pharmacopoeia requirements at starch concentration studied. Results revealed that banana starch could be used as a disintegrant in paracetamol tablet formulation due its comparable properties with the standard BP 2009 specifications. Musa acuminata starch when used at concentration of 15% gives optimum disintegrant activity.