Malte Siegle’s research while affiliated with Technical University of Munich and other places

Zusammenfassung: Untersuchungen zu Bewegungsanteilen im Sportunterricht unter Verwendung objektiver Verfahren sind in Deutschland selten. Sie sind jedoch sowohl aus gesundheits- und trainingswissenschaftlicher als auch aus sportpädagogischer Perspektive von Interesse, um Schulsportwirklichkeit systematisch analysieren zu können. Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht Bewegungszeit (Minuten), Belastungsintensität (Herzschläge pro Minute) und Bewegungsumfang (Meter pro Minute) im Sportunterricht am Beispiel des Unterrichtsinhalts Fußball. Im Zentrum steht die Frage, ob sich Unterschiede für die Unterrichtsdauer (Einzelstunde/Doppelstunde), das Setting (indoor/outdoor) und das Geschlecht zeigen. Insgesamt nahmen 356 Schüler*innen (247 männlich, 109 weiblich) von der fünften bis zur zehnten Jahrgangsstufe ( M Alter = 12,4 Jahre) eines Gymnasiums in Bayern an der Untersuchung teil. Zum Einsatz kamen standardisierte Beobachtungsprotokolle, Herzfrequenzmesser und ein Trackingsystem (Local Position Measurement System [LPM-System]). Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass die relative Bewegungszeit, die Belastungsintensität und der Bewegungsumfang in Einzelstunden am höchsten waren. Die relative Bewegungszeit war outdoor etwas höher als indoor. Die durchschnittliche Herzfrequenz unterschied sich nicht nach Setting und Geschlecht. Jungen erzielten einen höheren durchschnittlichen Bewegungsumfang im Vergleich zu Mädchen. Insgesamt deuten die Ergebnisse darauf hin, dass der Sportunterricht mit dem Inhalt Fußball einen substanziellen Beitrag zum täglichen Gesundheits- und Bewegungsverhalten leisten kann.

The objectives of the present study were to analyse a possible influence of the playing country and the referee on the additional time added up at the end of a soccer match. Therefore, 699 matches of the second leg season 2012/2013 of Premier League (England), Serie A (Italy), Primera Division (Spain) and Bundesliga (Germany) were analysed in detail. Results showed significant differences between the four leagues (F3,263 = 16.943, p < .001) with a small effect size (η² = 0.068). The highest difference between duration of relevant game stoppages and additional time was observed for the German Bundesliga (- 47.6s), thus resulting in the highest rate of additional time set too low (57.3%). Moreover, results of ANOVA concerning the referees revealed a non-significant difference between the referees within each league (pPremier League = .409, pBundesliga = .780, pPrimera Division = .379, pSerie A = .580). As a consequence of these results all referees need to be trained very well and continuously. Furthermore, FIFAs law of the game is to general and needs to be adapted to the problem. A more detailed definition of the additional time and the situations, which have an influence to it, have to be introduced.

This study analysed additional time in soccer referees added on at the end of a match, during the 2012 European Championship. An observational system was used to analyse duration and number of occurrences of relevant game interruptions, indicated additional time and actual additional time. All 31 matches of the tournament were analysed, resulting in a total number of 196 relevant interruptions with a mean duration of 261.3 ± 86.5 s per match; average additional time per match was 218.1 ± 50.0 s. Maximum difference between relevant interruptions and additional time was 211 s. For 51% of all matches, additional time was too short. Results of ANOVA revealed that score has no significant influence on this phenomenon. This study showed that additional time in soccer is too low. Therefore, referees would benefit from improving their methods to calculate the appropriate amount of additional time at the end of a soccer match.

Soccer is a complex system. Therefore, appropriate (nontrivial) models have to be applied to be able to analyze the behavior of the teams on the pitch. This study analyzed the World Cup Final 2006 between France and Italy by means of relative phase. Mean longitudinal and lateral positions of all 20 outfield players were used to calculate relative phase by Hilbert transformation. Whole team-, group-, and attacker-fullbacks couplings showed that soccer is clearly an in-phase game. Perturbations of the relative phase structure helped to identify scoring opportunities of the attacking team. Moreover, analyses of the relative phase structure can help to understand the complexity of soccer.

Abstract Only a few studies have analysed the accuracy of position detection systems. All of them analysed distances and velocities, which are the outcome of calculations based on x,y positions. The objective of this study was to analyse the accuracy of dynamic x,y position measurement of a radar- and an image-based system in football. One and two runners performed five different runs on four different locations on a football pitch. X,y positions recorded by the radar-based and the image-based system were compared to x,y positions measured by a Laveg laser device. Accuracies were analysed by means of root mean square error (RMSE). Results showed that the radar-based system detects positions more accurately than the image-based system (P = 0.000). Mean RMSE of the radar-based system was 0.24 m, RMSE of the image-based system was 0.73 m. The image-based system was significantly influenced by the location of the run, whereas the radar-based system was not. Based on the results of this study, we conclude that the radar-based system is more valid in detecting x,y positions than the image-based system. Future studies should take advantage of the new test design which allows more precise statements on the accuracy of a position detection system.

The aim of the present study was to analyse game stoppages in male and female league and knock-out matches in order to gain information about possible influences on the frequency and duration of stoppages during football matches. The sample consisted of 48 matches, resulting in 5860 analysed stoppages. For each stoppage, duration, type (e.g. free kick, goal kick, etc.), mode (Knock Out vs. Round Robin), sex, and location were registered. Per match 108.06 ± 13.02, 122.50 ± 13.86, 132.38 ± 10.76, and 139.00 ± 9.94 stoppages were registered on average for male league, male World Cup, female World Cup, and female league matches, respectively. ANOVAs were calculated to analyse possible influences of the different variables. Results showed that the duration of a stoppage is significantly influenced by all four variables (p Keywords: GAME STOPPAGES; INTERMITTENT NATURE; SOCCER Document Type: Research Article Publication date: April 1, 2012 More about this publication? Editorial Board Information for Authors Subscribe to this Title Terms & Conditions ingentaconnect is not responsible for the content or availability of external websites (document).ready(function() { var shortdescription = (".originaldescription").text().replace(/\\&/g, '&').replace(/\\, '<').replace(/\\>/g, '>').replace(/\\t/g, ' ').replace(/\\n/g, ''); if (shortdescription.length > 350){ shortdescription = "" + shortdescription.substring(0,250) + "... more"; } $(".descriptionitem").prepend(shortdescription);$(".shortdescription a").click(function() { $(".shortdescription").hide();$(".originaldescription").slideDown(); return false; }); }); Related content In this: publication By this: publisher In this Subject: Internal Medicine By this author: Siegle, Malte ; Lames, Martin GA_googleFillSlot("Horizontal_banner_bottom");

The objectives of the study were to analyse game interruptions of league soccer in detail and the tactical use of game interruptions. Sixteen matches of a German first league soccer team were observed. An observational system was designed to assess interruption types, score, duration of interruption, location of interruption, time of interruption and number of occurrences. Results showed that there is an average of 108 interruptions per match. Throw-ins (40) and free kicks (33) were most frequent. Goal kicks (17), corner kicks (10), substitutions (4), and kick offs (3) occurred less often. Drop balls, penalties, and injuries occurred least often. For 38% of the total match time observed, matches were halted. The mean duration of running and interrupted match parts were 32.1 s and 18.7 s, respectively. The analysis showed significant differences concerning the influence of the location of interruption, score, and time of interruption on the duration of different interruption types (P < 0.05). The results of the study showed the tactical use of game interruptions during league soccer matches, e.g. goal kicks of the leading team take longer towards the end of the match. Examining game interruptions has turned out to be a valuable source of information adding to our knowledge of soccer. We have shown evidence that the durations of many interruptions serve tactical purposes, a well-known hypothesis in practice.

Problem: There was a rapid development of position detection systems in soccer during the last 10 years. These systems provide large data sets concerning the total running distances and running distances in specific speed intervals of soccer players, so called work-rate data. Based on these data, many studies have investigated the phenomenon of fatigue during a soccer match. The common procedure is to analyse the reduction of work rate data, as an indicator of fatigue. This study wanted to analyse if this method is a valid procedure to gain information about the development of fatigue during a soccer match. Method: 14 matches and 103 players of the 1. Fußball Bundesliga from the season 2009/2010 were analysed. Work-rate data was provided by a position detection system. Concerning the influence on work-rate data, variables of interest were playing position, quality of opponent, and score. Results: There was a significant influence (p<0.01) of playing position and score on the work- rate during a soccer match. For quality of opponent, a non-significant trend (p=0.067) was observed. Discussion: The results showed that there are many variables influencing the work-rate of soccer player during a match. Consequently, the analysis of the development of fatigue during a soccer match by means of the analysis of work-rate data seems to be a limited procedure. Future studies in the field of modelling fatigue should take influencing variables into account.

The aim of the study was to analyse the inter-individual differences concerning the velocities at which changes in movement pattern occurred. During the FIFA World Cup Final in 2006 20 players were observed. For every player the individual velocity boarders were obtained for the movement patterns walking, jogging, cruising and sprinting. Comparisons were done between common velocity boarders and the individualized thresholds. Significant differences (p < .001) were found for all three movement patterns. Therefore analysis based on generalized and fixed transition velocities should be reconsidered.