Małgorzata Stasińska’s research while affiliated with University of Szczecin and other places

This paper presents the results of mycological studies carried out in the Paraszyńskie Wąwozy nature reserve (Pomerania) in 2020–2022. The studies were carried out using the route method throughout the reserve, with particular emphasis on beech forests (Luzulo pilosae-Fagetum and Galio odorati-Fagetum). A total of 308 species of macrofungi were identified, including one under partial protection (Inonotus obliquus) and 22 from the Red list of macrofungi in Poland. The most interesting fungi are Entoloma placidum (a new species for the Pomeranian mycobiota), Aleurodiscus disciformis, Gloeocystidiellum luridum and Ramaria flavobrunnescens. These are fungi known regionally and nationally from a few locations, mostly in old forest stands under protection.

Właściwości odżywcze i lecznicze grzybów Streszczenie Grzyby są grupą organizmów eukariotycznych, należącą do jednego z pięciu królestw. Grupa ta jest bardzo zróżnicowana, a w jej skład wchodzą zarówno grzyby jadalne i lecznicze, jak również trujące. Grzyby są wykorzystywane przez człowieka ponieważ posiadają wartość odżywczą i leczniczą. Są one źródłem węglowodanów, białek, tłuszczy i witamin. Związki te są niezbędne w diecie. Grzyby są także bogate w substancje bioaktywne, które mogą działać w organizmach na różne sposoby. Posiadają działanie przeciwbakteryjne, przeciwwirusowe, przeciwutleniające, immunomodulujące, przeciwzapalne i przeciwnowotworowe. Ponadto mogą zapobiegać chorobom sercowo-naczyniowym, a także mają właściwości neuroprotekcyjne. Ze względu na walory grzyby stanowią doskonały składnik pożywienia i warto włączyć je do diety. Słowa kluczowe: grzyby, właściwości odżywcze, właściwości lecznicze Nutritional and healing properties of the fungi Abstract Fungi is a group of eukaryotic organisms, which is one of the five kingdoms of life. It is a varied group, which contains edible and medicinal fungi, as well as a poisonous one. Fungi are used by people because they have nutritional and medicinal value. They are a source of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and vitamins. These compounds are essential in the diet. They are also rich in bioactive compounds, which are able to act in very different ways in organisms. They own antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, immunomodulating, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activity. Moreover, they can prevent cardiovascular diseases and also have neuroprotective properties. Because of these vital features, fungi are an excellent food ingredient and it is worth including them in the diet. Keywords: fungi, mushrooms, nutritional properties, healing properties

em>Psathyrella ammophila is a psammophilous fungus most frequently inhabiting seashore beaches, sand dunes and sandy inland areas. Although it is a widely spread species, in some countries it is rare or threatened, including Poland, where it is classified as “endangered” (E). In Poland, P. ammophila has been found in 26 localities, including 14 new reports after 1970. We present two new Polish localities from white sand dunes at the western shore of the Baltic Sea (Wolin Island). Moreover, ecological information and macroscopic and microscopic features of the basidiocarp based on collected samples are presented. The problem of the disappearance of dunes as a primary habitat of P. ammophila is also discussed.

The aim of the study was to verify a hypothesis that the proximity of different ecosystems have an impact on the richness of flora in three forest patches in the Choszczno Forest Inspectorate (West Pomeranian Province in NW Poland). Between 2013–2015, the survey involved three areas with different adjacent ecosystems: forest, built−up area, and grassland. At each object we analyzed four test plots consisting of inner, middle and outer zones. The composition of tree, shrub, herbaceous, moss and lichen species was determined in each object, plot and zone. It was shown that adjacent ecosystems influenced the richness of flora in the analyzed forest areas. Differences in the numbers of species and in their habitat affiliation were also found between ecotone zones. The outer ecotone zone had the richest flora composition, particularly in terms of grassland species – present in 12 zones of all three objects.

Birch bog is formed on the margins of or within raised bogs, on secondary habitats. The study aim was to understand the vegetation and mycological diversity of birch bog on the background of habitat conditions on raised bogs subject to anthropogenic changes, including 15 areas located on seven bogs. Two of the analyzed areas were located on a peat bog not subject to human impact. Phytosociological and mycosociological relevés were taken and substrate analyses were carried out (pH, humidity, N-NH4, N-NO2, N-NO3 and P-PO4). Based on habitat predictors, two area groups were distinguished, differing primarily in humidity. More humid habitats were present on the margins of bogs, and were characterized by lower acidity and higher N-NH4 and P-PO4 abundance. Despite the fact they were enriched by runoffs from the neighboring arable fields, this was not always reflected in the plant and fungi species richness. Quercus robur appeared on less humid habitats, which may be a symptom of unfavorable changes toward habitat drying. In the majority of cases, changes in the habitat independent of the birch patches located and the human impact type are not yet reflected in the vegetation. However, they may be indicated by the fungal diversity, highest in former peat extraction pits, and lowest in pristine peat.

In the years 2007-2009 the differentiation of flora on the area of balks of different length was assessed. The studies of flora were carried out in the area of 7772 ha of Ińsko Lakeland in Poland. For the detailed studies 72 balks were chosen, formed from roadsides and divided into two groups according to the length. Topographic maps in the scale 1:10 000 were used for the assessment of earlier functions of the studied objects. It was shown that in the areas of an arable surface characteristic of average farms as regards their size in the European Union, the size of arable land and the length of balks related with it had an influence on phytodiversity. Despite the fact that the number of phytocoenoses was larger on shorter balks, their specific poverty did not affect biodiversity significantly. The presence of a large number of melliferous species influenced not only phytodiversity of balks, but it also resulted in the improvement of nutritive conditions, among others, for bees. A larger number of plant species on long balks, including also melliferous and therapeutic species, proves correct management of the production space in a long time period.

This paper presents the results of mycological studies conducted in the Wolin National Park from July to November 2012, and sporadically in the following 4 years. Explorations were made by a route method over the whole area of the Park, mainly in forest associations: Cephalanthero rubrae-Fagetum , Galio odorati-Fagetum , Luzulo pilosae-Fagetum , and Fago-Quercetum petraeae . In total, 322 taxa of macrofungi were found, 37 Ascomycota and 285 Basidiomycota. Two of them, Hericium coralloides and Inonotus obliquus , are under partial protection, 39 on the red list of fungi in Poland. For the first time, Russula torulosa , previously not reported from Poland, was found in Wolin National Park. Among the examined phytocoenoses, Galio odorati-Fagetum and Luzulo pilosae-Fagetum are characterized by the highest species variety and abundance.

This paper presents the distribution dynamics, soil and phytocoenotical conditions of the occurrence of Carex pulicaris and Pedicularis sylvatica at the margin of their range in NW Poland. Dynamic cartograms of these species were made on the basis of our field studies and available contemporary and historical records. The studies showed that the plants grow on organic hemic-muck soils, mucky soils and typical muckous soils. The occurrence of these two species on different types of soils proves that they are able to adapt easily to varying habitat conditions of post-bog areas. Populations of C. pulicaris and P. sylvatica were most frequently not numerous and occurred in small community patches. Analyzed phytocoenoses with C. pulicaris have been classified as the community of the alliance Caricion davallianae or the alliance Molinion . Phytocoenoses with P. sylvatica are represented by the association Nardo-Juncetum squarrosi and the community of the class Molinio-Arrhenatheretea . The distribution dynamics of these species shows that they are disappearing from some parts of this region, which proves the recessive trends. This process is more intensive for P. sylvatica , which should be included in the red list of Polish plants like C. pulicaris . The disappearance of the populations of both species has been caused by worsening habitat conditions (insufficient moisture, eutrophication), expansion of competitive plant species and land abandonment.

Russula torulosa, in many countries recognised as a rare and endangered species, was found in Poland, for the first time, in September of 2012, on dune in the western part of the Baltic Sea Coast. This study presents its characteristics, general distribution and habitat. Diagnostic features of R. torulosa and four similar taxa – R. fuscorubra, R. fuscorubroides, R. queletii and R. sardonia, have also been compared.

The paper presents the last part of the results of the short-term inventory of fungi species in the Biebrza National Park and synthesises all the data gathered during two surveys, including the information published by other authors. The main body of research is focused on a survey of macrofungi identified with morphology-based methods. In case of some specimens molecular technics have been applied. In total 346 macrofungal taxa (21 belonging to ascomycetes and 325 to basidiomycetes) were found during the survey, including 186 species unobserved during the previous inventory in 2012. As a result of previous and ongoing studies, the current number of macrofungi recorded from the Biebrza National Park reached 508 species. Among them eight taxa are newly reported for Poland (Conocybe velutipes var. nitrophila, Entoloma caeruleum, E. plebejoides, Inocybe rennyi, I. vulpinella, Pholiota pityrodes, Pholiotina utricystidiata, and Tomentella pilosa). The next seven species (Bovista paludosa, Fistulina hepatica, Ganoderma lucidum, Geastrum schmidelii, Inonotus obliquus, Tulostoma kotlabae, and Xerocomus parasiticus) are protected by law and 95 species belong to red-listed species. The results of two intensive, but relatively short-term survey clearly indicate the Biebrza National Park as a hot spot of macrofungi and suggest the need to undertake extended and regular inventories also in other Polish national parks.