Malcolm Haylock's research while affiliated with University of East Anglia and other places

... Precipitation extremes are expected to intensify in a warmer climate as the atmospheric moisture-holding capacity increases at about 7%/°C in air temperature, which is governed by the Clausius-Clapeyron (C-C) relationship (Trenberth et al., 2003, O'Gorman, 2015. This kind of intensification has been confirmed in numerous observations and simulations (Fischer and Knutti, 2016, Groisman and Knight, 2005, Alexander et al., 2006, Min et al., 2011, Donat et al., 2016, Huang et al., 2021. ...

... Regionally and seasonally, the magnitude of the trends is most notable in the Central Great Plains, northern Midwest and eastern two-thirds of the country in opposition to an increasing dryness in the interior west and southwest; and primarily in the warm season (Pryor et al., 2009). While South America has generally became wetter as the total precipitation, average rainfall intensity, extreme rainfall events and the length of consecutive wet days all are on an increasing mode, Southern Peru, Southern Chile and South-west Argentina are showing drying symptoms (Haylock et al., 2006). Though total precipitation has decreased across the African continent with increasing length of consecutive dry days and decreasing length of consecutive wet days, average rainfall intensity and extreme rainfall events have decreased in western central Africa (Aguilar et al., 2009) while they have increased in Southern Africa (New et al., 2006). ...

... The gamma distribution has been fitted to rainfall amounts in a number of studies 258Stephenson et al. 1999; Giorgi et al. 2001; Yang et al. 2005)Stephenson et al. 1999; Giorgi et al. 2001; Yang et al. 2005)Figure 2)Haylock et al. 2006; Cawley et al. 2007; Cannon 2008): In a second validation approach, several precipitation indices defined inTable 3Table 4Figure 8. The BMAR adequately simulates these joint probabilities 496 and outperforms both hybrid and MMLR models that provide overestimates of these 497 probabilities. ...

... Then, the modelled value equivalent to that probability is chosen as a threshold and all the values below are set to 0. However, it assumes a wet bias in the precipitation occurrence of the modelled values and that this bias is similar in the future; hence, the change in the wet/dry day frequencies might not be accurate. The Gamma distribution applies to the rainfall values on the wet days (Cannon, 2008;Cawley et al., 2006;Gudmundsson et al., 2012;Haylock et al., 2006;Ines and Hansen, 2006;Piani et al., 2010a;Thom, 1968;Williams, 1998). In the procedure, one first fits the observed values (only wet days) to a Gamma distribution: ...

... Some other scholars use more abundant indices, such as quantiles, median, maximum value, and minimum value, for evaluation (Wetterhall et al. 2006). In this study, we selected nine indices categorized into three types, which originated from the European Union STARDEX project (STAtistical and Regional dynamical Downscaling of EXtremes for the European region) (Goodess et al. 2012). In daily scale evaluation, we reserved standard deviation (SD) and 99th percentile of rain day amounts (Pq99) as extra indices. ...

... Unlike the TP, where the observed ENSO-induced precipitation variability has a large spatial coherence, precipitation variability over the MC has its spatial inhomogeneity due to a complex land-sea layout and interplay of processes (Lee and McBride 2016;Tangang et al. 2018). Previous studies noticed that Indonesian monsoon rainfall and ENSO have a low correlation (Haylock and McBride 2001;McBride et al. 2003), which was found due to the offsetting of the positive-negative correlation in east-west Indonesia. Here, we carry out a few treatments to analyze the MC. ...

... On the other hand, in our current study, only the linear component related to ENSO is removed. Some previous studies have noticed asymmetry in the Australian rainfall response to ENSO (Power et al. 2005;Cai et al. 2010), which may exert influence on the NWARI-related teleconnection. However, those are beyond the current study. ...

... Currently, applications of climate indices for observing rainfall data stand out, such as the RClimdex script (HAYLOCK et. al., 2006;SANCHES et al., 2018;STEPHENSON et. al., 2014;ZHANG;YANG, 2004) which highlights the analysis of rainfall using different precipitation indices (Table 2). The indices are calculated using rainfall data referring to the maximum value accumulated in a single day of rain (RX1 day), the maximum value accumulated in 5 consecutive days of rain ...

... The assessment of the different approaches focuses on the analysis of the complete warm season 2009/2010 and each 3-day extreme event selected as case-study. The skill of downscaling is evaluated following the recommendations developed within former international collaborative initiatives, VALUE-COST Action (Maraun et al. 2015) and STARDEX (Goodess et al. 2003), in order to normalize comparisons among different regions of the world. For the 2009/2010 warm season, different indices are considered to evaluate daily precipitation occurrence and amount, such as: relative frequency of wet days (R01), mean wet-day precipitation (SDII, Simple Daily Intensity Index), relative frequency of days with precipitation above 10 mm (R10) and 20 mm (R20) and total precipitation amount (PRCTOT). ...

... e North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is the continuous fluctuation of the sea level pressure (SLP) field in the North Atlantic, which can be related to the interannual variation of the pressure over the Azores and Iceland. It represents large-scale alterations in the SLP differences between the subtropical and subpolar regions of the North Atlantic [1]. As the dominant variability mode of the atmospheric circulation in the northern hemisphere, the NAO is the result of complex nonlinear interactions between many spatiotemporal scales [2]. ...