January 1994
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5 Reads
We have already dealt with the emergence of order from chaos; the latter implies the complete absence of the former. In the natural sciences we need a quantitative measure of order.
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Publications (74)
January 1994
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3 Reads
Everything that has been expounded in the preceding chapters is based on Darwin’s natural selection of eukaryotic phenotypes. The existence of natural selection is documented by an enormous number of facts established in biology, but not substantiated by more general and detailed propositions of physics. Moreover, one may encounter statements to the effect that natural selection is not amenable to physical interpretation and that Darwin’s theory contradicts physics.
January 1994
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4 Reads
When we say that DNA is the genetic substance, we mean it is the substance of structural genes which are responsible for protein synthesis. As the neutral theory shows, the point mutations in such genes usually do not produce material for speciation and macroevolution. At the same time, biological evolution is, of course, realized on the basis of the variability of genomes. The changes that the genomes undergo are varied, especially in eukaryotes.
January 1994
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6 Reads
These are lines from Darwin’s book on his Beagle voyage [2.1], a book which he devoted to Charles Lyell, one of the founders of geology. Darwin made a number of palaeontological discoveries during his voyage on the Beagle; in particular, in 1833 he discovered in Uruguay a remarkable extinct ungulate animal — Toxodon, which is known at present as Toxodon darwini (Fig. 2.1). The Toxodon is “perhaps one of the strangest animals ever discovered: in size it equalled an elephant or megatherium, but the structure of its teeth, as Mr. Owen states, proves indisputably that it was intimately related to the Gnawers...” [2.1].
January 1994
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5 Reads
We read in Webster’s Dictionary: “Evolution, from Latin evolutio, an unrolling or opening, from evolutus,pp. of evolvere, to unroll; the development of a species, organism or organ from its original or rudimentary state to its present or completed state; phylogeny or ontogeny. To evolve is to develop gradually; to reach a highly developed state by a process of growth and change.”
January 1994
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14 Reads
The full title of the great work of Darwin known as The Origin of Species is more detailed and spectacular: The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. This title expresses Darwin’s key idea: the natural selection of organisms that are best adapted to environmental conditions. The ‘favoured races’ are exactly those which are the fittest. Chapter 4 of the book is called ‘Natural Selection or the Survival of the Fittest’.
January 1994
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5 Reads
In 1968 the journal Nature published a brief article written by the Japanese geneticist Kimura with the title “Evolutionary Rate at the Molecular Level” [6.1]. Kimura laid the foundations of neutral theory, one of the most important theories in modern evolutionary biology.
January 1994
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3 Reads
At the molecular level of life processes we encounter informational biopoly-mers, i.e. macromolecules of proteins and nucleic acids. The role of nucleic acids is “legislative”: they are responsible for the biosynthesis of proteins. The role of proteins is “executive”. They can do everything; they are only incapable of self-synthesis. In other words, all functions of a cell, organism or species are determined at the molecular level by proteins. The structure of proteins and their functional dynamics are thus subject to natural selection.
January 1994
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2 Reads
Let us recall the words of Schrödinger: “An organism feeds on negative entropy”. The outflow of entropy maintains the existence and development of the biosphere. Earlier we calculated the corresponding balance. This proposition serves as evidence of the validity of the second law of thermodynamics in living nature, and stems from this law. However, this statement is insufficient for an understanding of biological evolution.
February 1991
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10 Reads
Biosystems
Speciation may be considered as a kind of non-equilibrium phase transition which is caused by bifurcation at a critical point of instability. It can be shown that multiple branching of an evolutionary tree is highly improbable, since non-degenerate mathematical models describe only binary branchings.
Citations (21)
... Formal measures of population diversity confirm that the 52-2 lineage is unable to enrich selectively advantageous sequences. The Shannon population entropy is a measure of sequence diversity in a population, maximized at 1.0 when every RNA in the population has a unique sequence (24). The entropy value for the 52-2 lineage reached 0.94 by round 3 and was 0.97 at round 8, corresponding to a nearly random distribution of rare and distinct sequences. ...
Reference:
RNA-catalyzed evolution of catalytic RNA
- Citing Chapter
January 1991
... never reflected on the context in which information units could be requested on the Internet [1]. With this, they failed to respect the importance of the context for information valuation that has been recognized for long in the information science literature [2] [14]. 2 Seeing this gap in research we developed a simple model with the goal to reflect a user's context-related cost of online information provision. The challenge we confronted in developing the model is that no tangible value is actually capable of representing PCIC appropriately. ...
- Citing Article
January 1984
... It is, of course, a disorder of a different kind that has nothing to do with a disorder and disorganization of macroscopic systems (running ahead, this is where Zucker's and Oliver's use of entropy flows). Information is the opposite of entropy as an increase in entropy means a decrease in information and vice versa (Brillouin, 1950(Brillouin, , 19561961;Eigen, 1971;Ebeling, 1978;Volkenstein and Chernavskii, 1978;Volkenstein, 1977;Feistel and Ebeling, 2016), and information is a subject to the second law as left to its own, as, like other forms of order, information tends to decrease and degenerate into random noise (Elitzur, 1994). In a nutshell, entropy is about probability and the law of increasing entropy is a law of diminishing information, increasing uncertainty and disorder. ...
Reference:
Entropy and institutional theory
- Citing Article
January 1978
Journal of Social and Biological Systems
... An electron spends no energy on tunneling (since there is no "friction" here). The energy is decreased by the electron-conformational interaction (Volkenstein, 1979). Specifically, when arriving at the next pigment, an electron faces the pigment's conformation corresponding to the energy minimum without the newcomer. ...
Reference:
Lecture 11
- Citing Article
January 1979
... To diagnose the capability of Berberine HCl in inducing structural changes in ctDNA, we have measured the CD spectra of ctDNA and ctDNA-H1 complex in the absence and presence of Berberine HCl. As it is maintained by Figure 10A, ctDNA has displayed a negative band at 245 nm, caused by the right-handed helicity (Zavriev et al., 1979), and a positive band at 275 nm that has been induced by the base stacking (Kashanian & Ezzati Nazhad Dolatabadi, 2009); they have been the typical CD spectra of ctDNA classical B-conformation. In accordance with Figure 10A, the enhancement of Berberine HCl to ctDNA has caused a decrease in the intensity of negative band (shifting to zero levels), while the positive band has decreased without exhibiting any significant shifting. ...
- Citing Article
- Full-text available
September 1979
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis
... 27 In addition, CD spectra of peptides BH3 PEP and Py Me Amp-BH3 at pH 7.4 showed one positive peak at 193 nm and two negative peaks at 207 and 226 nm, respectively, suggesting the formation of α-helices by both of the peptides (Figures S12 and S14). 35 These results imply that peptide Py Me Amp-BH3 adopts α-helical conformation consistent with BH3 PEP, thereby potentially maintaining the capability of association with Bcl-xL proteins. 29 The CD signals of coassemblies Py Me AmpB and Py Me AmpBC at pH 7.4 indicate the coexistence of β-sheets and α-helices likely formed by the assembling pentapeptide and the BH3 domain, whereas the predominate secondary structures formed by coassembly of Py Me AmpC at pH 7.4 are β-sheets ( Figure 2A). ...
- Citing Article
November 1971
Peptide Science
... There are indeed many systems where no diffusion takes place but which exhibit patterns, for instance photosentive chemical reactions, where the reactants interacts via emission of photons without any displacement of particles [61,62,63]. Interactions without diffusion are often called non-local interactions and have been studied in chemical [64] and ecological [65] systems. The mechanism of instability is intrinsically different from the Turing one, despite some similarities, i.e., the homogeneous stable state is disrupted by an inhomogeneous perturbation. ...
- Citing Article
December 1981
Zeitschrift für Physik B Condensed Matter
... It is, of course, a disorder of a different kind that has nothing to do with a disorder and disorganization of macroscopic systems (running ahead, this is where Zucker's and Oliver's use of entropy flows). Information is the opposite of entropy as an increase in entropy means a decrease in information and vice versa (Brillouin, 1950(Brillouin, , 19561961;Eigen, 1971;Ebeling, 1978;Volkenstein and Chernavskii, 1978;Volkenstein, 1977;Feistel and Ebeling, 2016), and information is a subject to the second law as left to its own, as, like other forms of order, information tends to decrease and degenerate into random noise (Elitzur, 1994). In a nutshell, entropy is about probability and the law of increasing entropy is a law of diminishing information, increasing uncertainty and disorder. ...
Reference:
Entropy and institutional theory
- Citing Article
February 1977
Foundations of Physics
... This topic was widely discussed in a special issue of Life with 17 papers dedicated to discuss the origins and evolution of RNA and the "RNA world" hypothesis. Carter and coworkers (Carter 2015) discussed this hypothesis on the basis of a coexistence between both polynucleotides (as storage of information (Gatlin 1972;Volkenstein 1979Volkenstein , 2009Hooft et al. 2024)) and polypeptides (as cofactors with catalytic activity) to complement the formation of RNA in the evolutionary process. ...
- Citing Article
October 1979
Journal of Theoretical Biology
... To diagnose the capability of Berberine HCl in inducing structural changes in ctDNA, we have measured the CD spectra of ctDNA and ctDNA-H1 complex in the absence and presence of Berberine HCl. As it is maintained by Figure 10A, ctDNA has displayed a negative band at 245 nm, caused by the right-handed helicity ( Zavriev et al., 1979), and a posi- tive band at 275 nm that has been induced by the base stacking (Kashanian & Ezzati Nazhad Dolatabadi, 2009); they have been the typical CD spectra of ctDNA classical B-con- formation. In accordance with Figure 10A, the enhancement of Berberine HCl to ctDNA has caused a decrease in the intensity of negative band (shifting to zero levels), while the positive band has decreased without exhibiting any significant ...
- Citing Article
October 1979
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta