M.P. Sharma’s research while affiliated with Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee and other places

This paper presents the results of the application of model (developed in part I) and simulation algorithm (developed in part II) for determining the techno-economics of battery storage type hybrid energy system intended to supply the load of a rural remote area having a cluster of nine villages (grid isolated). The hour-by-hour simulation model is intended to simulate a typical one month period of system operation. For simulation purpose, hourly solar insolation data and load data have been generated and used as an input data. Demand side management (DSM) is used in this study to smooth out the daily peaks and fill valleys in the load curve to make the most efficient use of energy sources. The economic analysis has resulted in the calculation of optimized hourly, daily, and monthly system unit cost of proposed hybrid energy system. The obtained results represent also a helpful reference for energy planners in Uttarakhand state and justify the consideration of hybrid energy systems more seriously.

A well designed hybrid energy system can be cost effective, has a high reliability and can improve the quality of life in remote rural areas. The economic constraints can be met, if these systems are fundamentally well designed, use appropriate technology and make use effective dispatch control techniques. The first paper of this tri-series paper, presents the analysis and design of a mixed integer linear mathematical programming model (time series) to determine the optimal operation and cost optimization for a hybrid energy generation system consisting of a photovoltaic array, biomass (fuelwood), biogas, small/micro-hydro, a battery bank and a fossil fuel generator. The optimization is aimed at minimizing the cost function based on demand and potential constraints. Further, mathematical models of all other components of hybrid energy system are also developed. This is the generation mix of the remote rural of India; it may be applied to other rural areas also.

Electrification of villages from the main grid leads to large investments and losses, and this forms the basis of decentralized Hybrid Energy System. In order to evaluate the techno-economic performance of hybrid energy system for remote rural area electrification, a mixed integer linear mathematical programming model (time-series) has been developed to determine the optimal operation, optimal configuration including the assessment of the economic penetration levels of photovoltaic array area, and cost optimization for a hybrid energy generation system consisting of small/micro hydro based power generation, biogas based power generation, biomass (fuelwood) based power generation, photovoltaic array, a battery bank and a fossil fuel generator. An optimum control algorithm written in C++, based on combined dispatch strategy, allowing easy handling of the models and data of hybrid energy system components is presented. A special feature of the proposed model is that a cost constant (cost/unit) for each of the proposed resource is introduced in the cost objective function in such a way that resources with lesser unit cost share the greater of the total energy demand in an attempt to optimize the objective function.To demonstrate the use of model and algorithm, a case study for a rural remote area is also presented.

Conventional energy sources based on oil, coal, and natural gas have proven to be highly effective drivers of economic progress, but at the same time damaging to the environment and to human health. Keeping in mind, the social, economical and environmental effects of renewable energy system have been discussed in this paper. The uses of renewable energy system, instead of, conventional energy system, to control the social, economical and environmental problems have been discussed. The results show that the trends of total emission reduction in different years, which is exponentially increasing after the installation of renewable energy system in remote areas.

Various types of sewage treatment technologies are available for the treatment and reuse of sewage in India. It is difficult to select an appropriate treatment technology for the specific region such as rural, urban or metropolitan area. Suitability to techno economic analysis, life cycle, cost analysis, and benefit cost ratio can be used as financial management tool to take final decision. This paper highlights the application of techno-economic analysis for the selection of appropriate technology of sewage treatment for Kancheepuram town of Tamil Nadu. Out of five different types of sewage treatment technologies that are being used in India, the waste stabilization pond has been found to be the most economical option to treat sewage as the cost of land in Kancheepuram city is less than Rs. 6.5 million per ha (i.e., Rs. 650/sqm). Between Rs. 6.5 and Rs. 13.0 million per ha, the Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) with Final Polishing Pond (FPP) is economical. Above Rs. 13.0 million per ha, the Moving Bed Biological Reactor (MBBR), Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) and Activated Sludge Process are found to be economical. The selection of technology has been done by calculating the benefit cost ratio, assuming a discount rate of 10%.

Energy is supplied in the form of electricity, heat or fuels and an energy supply system must guarantee sufficient production and distribution of energy. An energy supply system based on renewable energy can be utilized as integrated renewable energy system (IRES), which can satisfy the energy needs of an area in appropriate & sustainable manner. Given the key role of renewable energy in rural electrification of remote rural areas, the IRES for a given area can be modeled & optimized for meeting the energy needs. In the present paper, Jaunpur block of Uttaranchal state of India has been selected as remote area. Based upon the data collected, the resource potential and energy demand has been calculated & presented. The model on the basis of unit cost of the energy has been optimized using LINDO software 6.10 version. The results indicated that the optimized model has been found to the best choice for meeting the energy needs of the area. The results further indicated that for the above area, either an IRES consisting of the above sources can provide a feasible solution in terms of energy fulfillments in the range of EPDF from 1.0 to 0.75.

Energy is supplied in the form of electricity, heat or fuels and an energy supply system must guarantee sustainable energy supplies, production and distribution of energy. Such system based on renewable energy can be utilized as integrated renewable energy system (IRES), which can satisfy the energy needs of an area in appropriate and sustainable manner. For renewable energy based rural electrification of remote areas, the IRES can be modeled and optimized for meeting the energy needs. For the purpose, the Jaunpur block of Uttaranchal state of India has been selected as remote area. On the basis of field data, the resource potential and energy demand has been estimated. The total load is 808 MWh/yr and total available resources are 807 MWh/yr, whereas %age contribution of each resources are MHP 15.88% (128166), solar 2.77% (22363), wind 1.89% (15251) and biomass energy 79.46% (641384) kWh/yr. The model has been optimized using LINDO software 6.10 version. The results indicated that the optimized model has been found to the best choice for meeting the energy needs of the area. Renewable energy sources can contribute to the total energy demands as 16.81% (115465), solar 2.27% (15588), wind 1.78% (12201) and biomass energy 79.14% (543546) kWh/yr for the fulfillment of 687 MWh/yr at the 15% reduced level of 808 MWh/yr load. The results further indicated that optimized IRES can provide a feasible solution in terms of energy fulfillments in the range of EPDF from 1.0 to 0.75 because below 0.75 EPDF (0.50–0.25) the deficit start and so that model becomes non-feasible solution. The EPDF is electric power delivery factor and also called optimizing power factor and is maximum equal to 1. The paper reports the results of optimization of IRES models of the study area of Zone 4 of Jaunpur block of Uttaranchal state.

In Uttar Pradesh (UP) state of India, during 2003-04, transport sector has consumed about 2150 million liters [ML] diesel while the projected demand for the same alone may be 2987 ML by 2020. Considering 20% blend of biodiesel in diesel, requirement of UP would be about 596 ML of biodiesel, which could be produced from non-edible oil resources especially Jatropha. This will save foreign exchange and reduce CO2 emission. Paper presents potential of Jatropha cultivation on the available wastelands in UP and techno-economic study of biodiesel production and utilization for transport sector of the state with particular reference to Uttar Pradesh State Roadways Transport Corporation (UPSRTC).

The renewable energy sources such as micro hydro, biomass, wind, solar photovoltaics can provide clean and sustainable electricity, as a result, many of sources are already proving cost-competitive contributing about 2% of the total electricity supply of the country. However, one of the issues limiting their greater penetration is done to its intermittent and seasonal availability for energy production. The availability of renewable power depends upon the resources potential and size of the system. The sizing for integrated renewable energy systems (IRES) depends on the uses of the system (load on the system) and the tariffs available from the local utility. In this paper, the sizing and cost analysis of MHP, biomass, wind and SPV system has been under taken.