M. Sadanandam’s research while affiliated with Osmania University and other places

Cefixime is a third generation cephalosporin with broad spectrum of activity. The present investigation highlights the formulation and optimization of floating tablets of cefixime. Cefixime floating tablets were prepared by effervescent technique employing two different grades of Methocel (Methocel K4M and Methocel K15M) and a natural polymer Psyllium Husk. Sodium bicarbonate was incorporated as a gas generating agent. The floating tablets were evaluated for tablet hardness, friability, assay of drug, in vitro buoyancy and in vitro dissolution studies. The prepared tablets exhibited satisfactory physico chemical characteristics. All the prepared batches showed in vitro buoyancy. It was observed that the tablet remained buoyant for 12 hours. Increase in the sodium bicarbonate level decreases the floating lag time but tablets floated longer duration. The drug release from the tablets was followed diffusion controlled release and release profiles were best explained by Higuchi equation. Formulation F3, F8, FP5 showed better controlled drug release and in vitro buoyancy.

The aim of the present study was to formulate, evaluate and characterize the nanoemulsion formulation of Glipizide. Glipizide is a second generation sulphonyl urea drug used in the treatment of noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus. It has less solubility in water and the half life of the drug is 2-4hrs.Hence by formulating Glipizide nanoemulsion the drug release will be sustained thus dosing intervals will be decreased and it eliminates the variations in the absorption. Solubility studies were conducted to select the oil, surfactant and cosurfactant. Phase diagrams were constructed by aqueous phase titration method. Formulations were selected from the phase diagrams. The prepared nanoemulsions were subjected to different thermodynamic stability tests. The results showed that all the formulations had a good stability. Based on the in vitro drug release studies the formulations were optimized. The optimized formulations were successful in sustaining the drug release for 12hrs. The optimized formulationF9 containing Capryol90 31.5%, Tween 20 15.76%, Transcutol P 32.46% and water 21.0%) optimized formulation F29containing Capryol 90 30.57%, Tween 80 11.83%, Transcutol P 35.51% and water 22.10% showed more than 85% 0f drug release in 12 hrs. The formulations were evaluated for viscosity, pH, percentage transmittance and phase separation. The formulations were also characterized for zeta potential, particle size. The droplet size of the optimized formulation (F9) was found to be 41.6nm and zeta potential was found to be -24.4mV.). Pharmacodynamic studies showed that the optimized formulation (F9) reduced blood glucose levels up to 12 hrs.

Irbesartan is a non peptide, specific competitive antagonist of the angiotensin II receptor antagonist, used orally for the treatment of hypertension. The drug exhibits low bioavailability owing to its poor water solubility. According to BCS, Irbesartan is class II compound i.e. water insoluble and lipophilic, highly permeable drug. Therefore IRB bioavailability can be improved by increasing its solubility and dissolution rate 1. In order to improve solubility by way of dissolution enhancement, we have formulated a liquisolid system of IRB. This method involves dissolving water insoluble drugs in nonvolatile vehicles, which are then converted into free flowing and compressible powders by blending with suitable excipients. Several liquisolid formulations were prepared based on an mathematical model which was used to calculate the required quantities of powder and liquid ingredients, to produce acceptably flowing and compressible admixture. The prepared LS systems were evaluated for the flow properties such as Bulk density, tapped density, Carr's index, Hausner's ratio and angle of repose. Both DSC and XRD results suggested loss of crystallinity of irbesartan upon convertion into a liquisolid formulation. The results showed that liquisolid systems demonstrated considerably higher dissolution rates than plain drug and DCT. This might be due to increased wetting properties and surface of drug available for dissolution.

The objective of the study was to develop Controlled porosity and elementary osmotic pump-based drug delivery systems of Glibenclamide. The elementary osmotic pump (EOP) consists of an osmotic core with the drug surrounded by a semipermeable membrane drilled with a delivery orifice through which drug releases where as in controlled porosity osmotic pump drug release is accomplished by the use of pore forming agents in the coating. The usual dose of Glibenclamide is 5 mg to be taken three or four times daily. It has a short plasma half life of 2-6 hrs. Hence, Glibenclamide was chosen as a model drug with an aim to develop a controlled release system for a period of 12 hrs. Sodium chloride and mannitol were used as the osmogents. Osmotic tablets of Glibenclamide were prepared using wet granulation method and coated with semipermeable layer of ethylcellulose. The tablets were evaluated for their flow properties, hardness, weight variation, friability, drug content and all the results were found to be within the limits. In vitro release study was performed in 0.1NHCl for 2hrs and in pH 7.4 buffer for 10hrs.The effect of different concentrations of osmotic agents on the in-vitro release was studied.It was found that drug release rate increased with the amount of osmotic agent due to the increased water uptake, and hence increased driving force for drug release. Sodium chloride containing formulations showed highest drug release compared to mannitol due to high osmotic pressure.The release profile of formulation was fitted to different kinetic models and it was found to follow zero order kinetics.The optimized formulation was characterized by differential scanning calorimetry(DSC) and scanning electron microscopy(SEM).

The main objective of the present study is to prepare robust and stable formulation and evaluation of duloxetine hydrochloride delayed release enteric coated pellets in capsules. Since Duloxetine hydrochloride degrades in the acidic environment, it is important to bypass the acidic pH of the stomach. Protection of drug from acidic environment is done by coating the drug with enteric polymers by using suspension layering technique in Fluidized bed processor (FBP) with different enteric polymers like PVAP (Poly vinyl Acetate phthalate), Kollicoat MAE 30 DP, Eudragit L30 D55 (Methacrylic acid copolymer) and HPMCP (Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose phthalate). Eudragit L30 D55 is a good enteric material. Based on the vendor data and details, drug release shows after pH6.5 buffer, where as marketed preparation release starts at pH 5.5 buffer. So Eudragit was not taken for further trails. The prepared pellets were studied for their Invitro release studies and were analyzed by using HPLC technique. The released kinetics was analyzed using the zero-order model, first-order model and Higuchi's square root equation. FT-IR (Infrared spectroscopy) and DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry) studies were performed to know the compatibility of the drug with various excipients and SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) analysis performed to know the particle size and morphology of the pellet. The results depicted that HPMCP gave a good dissolution profile and process suitability compared to Eudragit L30 D55, Kollicoat MAE 30DP and PVAP and hence optimized based on the similarity factor (f2 value).

The HIV/AIDS pandemic is an increasing global burden with devastating health-related and socioeconomic effects. HIV is a lentivirus of the family Retroviridae, mostly known for being the causative agent of AIDS. HIV targets the cluster of differentiation 4 positive (CD4+) T lymphocytes and cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage. Nanoparticle drug delivery systems, anti-HIV drugs can accumulate in HIV-infected tissues or cells selectively and quantitatively, while their concentration in non-infected tissues or cells should be much lower. This review mainly focuses on various nanotechnology based diagnosis, prevention and treatment methods of HIV/AIDS. Current antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) often fail to effectively reduce the HIV viral load in the brain. By delivering ARVs with nanocarriers, significant increase in the drug bioavailability to the brain is expected to be achieved. Though polymeric nanocarriers based ARVs are mostly used for sustained drug delivery, non polymeric nanocarriers are introduced to overcome the problems like toxicity, less compatibility and availability.

Today, chromatography is the backbone of separation science and is being used in all research laboratories and pharmaceutical industries of the world. It has developed into "NANO LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY"(NLC) driven by the need to lower the level of detections to units as small as nano, pico or femto gram. Although its use was not so extended initially, in the last decade, new and interesting applications have appeared mainly in proteomics and genomics research. The recent developments in proteomics and genomics require decreased internal diameter of LC column, smaller sample amounts and increased sensitivity. As compared to conventional LC system, a miniaturized LC system could be inexpensive, faster and could exhibit minimized sample and solvent consumption. Now a days, integrated nano chromatography microchips (Lab-on-a-chip technology) are available for proteomics and genomics applications. Miniaturization of LC system involves some challenges. The present article describes introduction, advantages, scope, instrumentation, limitations and challenges, applications of Nano liquid chromatography.

The number of fungi causing systemic disease is growing and the number of systemic diseases caused by fungi is increasing. The currently available antifungal agents for the treatment of systemic mycoses include polyene antibiotics (Amphotericin B), fluoropyrimidine (Flu cytosine), Nystatin and azole group of drugs (Ketoconazole, Fluconazole, and Itraconazole). Novel drug delivery systems for antifungal therapy, based on the type of formulation are classified as Liposomes Nanocochleates, Nanospheres, Carbon Nanotubes, Doubled layered Mucoadhesive Tablets, Mucoadhesive Thermo Sensitive Pronged release gels, and Parenteral Micro emulsions. Amphotericin -B is the only fungicidal agent available and is the 'gold standard' for the treatment of most of the systemic mycoses. The three currently available lipid formulations are Amphotericin B Lipid Complex (ABLC), Amphotericin B Colloidal Dispersion (ABCD) and Liposomal Amphotericin B (L-AmB). Nystatin and ketoconazole are also commercially available as liposomes. Novel Drug delivery systems for antifungal therapy, aiming at reducing the side effects and maximizing the antifungal activity have added a new dimension to the treatment of fungal infections.

Insitu gels are viscous polymer‐based liquids that exhibit sol‐to‐gel phase transition on the ocular surface due to change in a specific physicochemical parameter like ionic strength, pH or temperature. A major problem in ocular therapeutics is the attainment of optimal drug concentration at the site of action, which is compromised mainly due to pre‐corneal loss resulting in only a small fraction of the drug being ocularly absorbed. The effective dose administered can be altered by prolonging the retention time of medication into the eye by using in situ gels, thereby preventing the tear drainage. The objective of the present study is to formulation and evaluation of the in situ ocular gelling systems (ion activated gelling systems) of Ketorolac tromethamine. These gelling systems involve the use of Gelrite as polymer. The formulations were evaluated for clarity, pH measurement, gelling capacity, drug content estimation, rheological study, in vitro drug release, ocular irritancy studies (as per draize test) and exvivo corneal permeation studies using isolated goats cornea. The developed formulations showed sustained release of drug for upto 6 hrs. The formulations were found to be non‐irritating with no ocular damage. Keywords: Ketorolac tromethamine, In situ gels, Draize test, Ex‐vivo studies, Gelrite