M. Raaonese's scientific contributions

... Until approximately 20 years ago, pharmacological treatment was based on the passive diffusion of the drugs used, mainly mitomycin C (MMC) and epirubicin, by infusing the drug dissolved in a saline solution into the bladder and allowing it to penetrate the bladder mucosa during approximately 2 h. More recently, pharmacological treatment has evolved toward the use of devices that allow the drug to actively enter the bladder mucosa [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. Presently, the 2 main methods used to achieve an active diffusion are thermochemotherapy, which is carried out using Carando/Zazzara/Cotrufo/Ludovico Urol Int 2 DOI: 10.1159/000502663 catheters that increase the temperature of the bladder up to 43 ° C [11], and the electromotive drug administration (EMDA), which induces an ionophoresis of the drug used [3]. ...