M. L. Pollock’s research while affiliated with University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee and other places

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Publications (350)


Training Responses of Speed Skaters During a Competitive Season
  • Article
  • Full-text available

February 2013

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168 Reads

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10 Citations

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Michael Pollock

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Peter Farrell

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[...]

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John Hare
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The Elderly and Endurance Training

April 2008

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50 Reads

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6 Citations

IntroductionPhysiological and pathological changes related to ageing and exercise scienceExercise in preventive geriatricsSpecial concerns related to medical clearence of exerciseEffects of endurance training in the elderlyExercise prescription in the elderlyConsulionsRefernces


Cross-Validation of the YMCA Submaximal Cycle Ergometer Test to Predict VO 2 max

October 2004

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11,455 Reads

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108 Citations

Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) is an important indicator of health-risk status, specifically for coronary heart disease (Blair et al., 1989). Direct measurement of VO2max is considered to be the most accurate means of determining cardiovascular fitness level. Typically, this measurement is taken using a progressive exercise test on a treadmill or cycle ergometer. Unfortunately, this test is costly and time consuming and requires a well equipped laboratory, highly trained personnel, and for some populations medical supervision. Therefore, submaximal exercise test protocols that predict VO2max have been developed (Astrand & Rhyming, 1954; Fitchett, 1985). These tests require less equipment, time and are easily administered without highly skilled personnel.


Left Ventricular Function During Strength Testing and Resistance Exercise in Patients With Left Ventricular Dysfunction

March 2004

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157 Reads

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26 Citations

Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation

Deterioration in left ventricular function is a more sensitive marker of myocardial ischemia during exercise than ST segment depression. The current study was designed to evaluate left ventricular function during one-repetition-maximum (1-RM) strength testing and resistance exercise in cardiac patients with moderate left ventricular dysfunction. Using echocardiographic methods, left ventricular function was evaluated in 15 patients with left ventricular dysfunction (age, 65 +/- 6.5 years; ejection fraction, 42.1 +/- 5.8). Measurements were performed during 1-RM testing and resistance exercise (20%, 40%, and 60% of 1-RM using 10 to 15 repetitions) on the one-arm biceps curl (BIC) and bilateral knee extension exercises and compared with measurements of left ventricular function during the symptom-limited graded exercise test (SL-GXT). During the knee extension exercise, there was a slight but significant reduction (P< or =.05) in ejection fraction values at the end of 60% 1-RM, as compared with rest and previous workloads. Significant increases in systolic blood pressure and left ventricular end-systolic volume ratio values (P< or =.05) from rest to exercise were observed across test modes and for all workloads. The prevalence of new wall motion abnormalities during knee extension and BIC 1-RM strength testing was comparable with that observed during SL-GXT. The greatest increase in new wall motion abnormalities was seen during 60% 1-RM of knee extension exercise, as compared with prior workloads, BIC exercises, and SL-GXT. Despite an increase in occurrence of ischemic changes during the highest resistance exercise workloads and with larger muscle mass, the findings are small in magnitude and do not suggest reduced cardiac performance.


Concurrent improvements in cardiorespiratory and muscle fitness in response to total body recumbent stepping in humans

July 2001

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64 Reads

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34 Citations

European Journal of Applied Physiology

A group of 26 sedentary adults [mean age 48.4 (SD 6.4) years] were allocated randomly into either a non-exercising control group (CON, n =9) or an exercise group (EX, n = 17) that trained 3 days a week for 12 weeks using a total body recumbent stepper (TBRS). Training intensity and duration progressed from 50% of heart rate reserve maximum (HRRmax) for 20 min to 75% HRRmax for 40 min. Maximal exercise responses were measured during incremental treadmill (TM) and TBRS tests to examine the specificity of the adaptations to training. Muscle strength was measured using a one repetition maximum (1 RM) test for the leg press (LP), chest press (CP), and seated row (SR). Muscle endurance (END) was evaluated for LP, CP, and SR as the number of repetitions achieved before failure when exercising at an intensity of 60% of baseline 1 RM. Body composition was estimated using the sum of seven skinfolds. After training, significant increases (P < 0.05) in maximal oxygen uptake and exercise time were observed in the EX group on both the TM (9.3% and 4.8%, respectively) and TBRS (18.2% and 70.5%, respectively). The TBRS training resulted in significant increases (P < 0.01) in 1 RM and END of the legs, chest, and back, with greater magnitude of improvements observed for END. Furthermore, TBRS training resulted in a significant increase in lean body mass and significant reductions in fat mass and percentage body fat (P<0.01). The CON did not show changes in any measurement (P>0.05). These data indicated concurrent improvements in both cardiovascular and muscle fitness. The greater improvements observed on the TBRS test and in muscle endurance suggest the adaptations are specific to the mode of training.


Effects of resistance training on insulin-like growth factor-I and IGF binding proteins

May 2001

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208 Reads

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228 Citations

Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise

Our goal was to determine the effects resistance training on circulating IGF-I and on two of its major binding proteins, IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-3. Additional goals were to compare the time course of hormonal changes with the time course of strength changes and to determine the effect of training volume on the extent of hormonal changes. Thirty-one men and women (mean age = 37 +/- 7 yr) completed a 25-wk, 3 d x wk(-1) program in which they performed single-set resistance training (1-SET, N = 11), multiple-set resistance training (3-SET, N = 11), or no exercise (Control, N = 9). Before training, and after 13 and 25 wk of training, blood hormones were analyzed and strength was assessed as the sum of one-repetition maximum (1-RM) for leg extension and chest press exercises. During the first 13 wk of resistance training, circulating IGF-I increased by approximately 20% in both the 1-SET and 3-SET groups (P = 0.041). No further increases occurred between 13 and 25 wk. In the 3-SET group, IGFBP-3 decreased 20% between 13 and 25 wk (P = 0.008). Training did not alter IGFBP-1. Increases in 1-RM strength occurred mainly during the first 13 wk of training and were significantly higher with 3-SET training compared to 1-SET. These findings indicate that increased circulating IGF-I may, at least in part, mediate increases in strength that result from resistance training.


Effects of resistance training on insulin-like growth factor-1 and IGF binding proteins

April 2001

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402 Reads

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91 Citations

Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise

Purpose: Our goal was to determine the effects resistance training on circulating IGF-I and on two of its major binding proteins, IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-3. Additional goals were to compare the time course of hormonal changes with the time course of strength changes and to determine the effect of training volume on the extent of hormonal changes, Methods: Thirty-one men and women (mean age = 37 +/- 7 yr) completed a 25-wk, 3 d . wk(-1) program in which they performed single-set resistance training (I-SET, N = 11), multiple-set resistance training (3-SET, N = 11), or no exercise (Control, N = 9). Before training, and after 13 and 25 wk of training, blood hormones were analyzed and strength was assessed as the sum of one-repetition maximum (I-RM) far leg extension and chest press exercises. Results: During the first 13 wk of resistance training, circulating IGF-I increased by approximately 20% in both the I-SET and 3-SET groups (P = 0.041). No further increases occurred between 13 and 25 wk. In the 3-SET group, IGFBP-3 decreased 20% between 13 and 25 wk (P = 0.008). Training did not alter IGFBP-1. Increases in 1-RM strength occurred mainly during the first 13 wk of training and were significantly higher with 3-SET training compared to 1-SET. Conclusions: These findings indicate that increased circulating IGF-I may, at least in part, mediate increases in strength that result from resistance training.


The Effects of Exercise Training on the Pharmacokinetics of Digoxin

March 2000

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41 Reads

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2 Citations

Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation

Studies have shown that digoxin binds to the working muscles during an acute bout of exercise, with a concomitant decrease in serum digoxin concentration. This study investigated the effects of 16 weeks of endurance exercise training on the pharmacokinetics of digoxin in old and young adults. Twelve subjects, aged 68.5 +/- 4.5 years, and six subjects, aged 30.3 +/- 3.8 years, completed the study. All subjects were healthy, sedentary, and taking no cardiovascular medications. After initial testing and maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) measurements, subjects were hospitalized for 28 hours for renal function testing and digoxin clearance studies and then randomly assigned to an exercise (EG) or control (CG) group. The EG completed 16 weeks (three 1-hour bouts/week) of aerobic training at 75% to 85% of maximum capacity. The CG did not exercise. All tests were repeated at the end of the 16-week study period. In the older EG subjects, VO2max increased by 3.4 ml/kg/min, or approximately 16% (P = 0.0002). VO2max increased in the younger EG subjects by 1.1 ml/kg/min, but the increase was not significant (P > 0.05). There were no significant changes in body composition, renal function, or time of onset, peak concentration, or elimination phase half-life of digoxin in either the old or young exercise or control groups (P > 0.05 for all variables). Although 16 weeks of endurance exercise training improves cardiorespiratory fitness, the pharmacokinetics of digoxin are neither improved nor adversely affected in healthy old and young adults.


Time course for strength and muscle thickness changes following upper and lower body resistance training

March 2000

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899 Reads

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498 Citations

European Journal of Applied Physiology

The purpose of this study was to investigate the time course of skeletal muscle adaptations resulting from high-intensity, upper and lower body dynamic resistance training (WT). A group of 17 men and 20 women were recruited for WT, and 6 men and 7 women served as a control group. The WT group performed six dynamic resistance exercises to fatigue using 8-12 repetition maximum (RM). The subjects trained 3 days a week for 12 weeks. One-RM knee extension (KE) and chest press (CP) exercises were measured at baseline and at weeks 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 for the WT group. Muscle thickness (MTH) was measured by ultrasound at eight anatomical sites. One-RM CP and KE strength had increased significantly at week 4 for the female WT group. For the men in the WT group, 1 RM had increased significantly at week 2 for KE and at week 6 for CP. The mean relative increases in KE and CP strength were 19% and 19% for the men and 19% and 27% for the women, respectively, after 12 weeks of WT. Resistance training elicited a significant increase in MTH of the chest and triceps muscles at week 6 in both sexes. There were non-significant trends for increases in quadriceps MTH for the WT groups. The relative increases in upper and lower body MTH were 12%-21% and 7%-9% in the men and 10%-31% and 7%-8% in the women respectively, after 12 weeks of WT. These results would suggest that increases in MTH in the upper body are greater and occur earlier compared to the lower extremity, during the first 12 weeks of a total body WT programme. The time-course and proportions of the increase in strength and MTH were similar for both the men and the women.



Citations (55)


... Exercise duration was set three times weekly for 6 months, which is an acceptable and feasible timeline for physical and cognitive changes to take place [35,36]. Exercise intensity was set at moderate levels, based on Karvonen's formula and Borg's RPE, as recommended [40,60,78]. This criterion was also important for satisfying a more individually based approach, as exercise precision, specificity training and custom-based prescription are important principles when designing exercise programs [79]. ...

Reference:

Physical Activity Component of the Greek Interventional Geriatric Study to Prevent Cognitive Impairment and Disability (GINGER): Protocol Development and Feasibility Study
ACSM Position Stand: The Recommended Quantity and Quality of Exercise for Developing and Maintaining Cardiorespiratory and Muscular Fitness, and Flexibility in Healthy Adults

Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise

... Two studies measured the subcutaneous fat at the position of the insert for young men [30] and young and middle-aged women [31]. These studies provide the baseline to determine the thickness of fat t Fat from the user inputs BMI, gender, and age. ...

Distribution of subcutaneous fat and muscle thicknesses in young and middle-aged women
  • Citing Article
  • January 1997

American Journal of Human Biology

... Hypertension is one of the important riskfactor for Coronary artery disease; cerebral vascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, and congestive heart failure are also significant risk factors. 1 Hypertension usually develops in early adulthood, affecting 5% to 10% of adults between the ages of 20 and 30. Hypertension is more common as people become older, with 20 percent to 25 percent of middle-aged adults having it and 50 percent to 60 percent of adults over 65 having it. ...

Heart Disease and Rehabilitation
  • Citing Article
  • September 1995

Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise

... Regimented exercise is known to have many beneficial effects on strength and mobility, both of which are particularly important for the maintenance of physical functions and independence in the elderly population [1]. In skeletal muscle, regimented training increases the levels of protein synthesis, pro-myogenic growth factors such as mTOR [2], insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) [3] and androgens [4], and reduces the levels of myostatin mediated catabolism [5]. Additionally, physical activity is known to promote mitochondrial biogenesis, restore insulin sensitivity and reduce inflammation within skeletal muscle [6,7]. ...

Effects of resistance training on insulin-like growth factor-1 and IGF binding proteins
  • Citing Article
  • April 2001

Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise

... In the last decade water running has become popular as alternative training and rehabilitation means and it is considered therapeutically beneficial for older individuals is also a viable form of conditioning for those who are afflicted with orthopedic disabilities [17]. Furthermore, for overweight person the dual effect of buoyancy and resistance create an environment that requires higher levels of energy expenditure with relatively little strain on low-joint extremities. ...

Oxygen Uptake and Heart Rate Differences between Walking on Land and in Water in the Elderly
  • Citing Article
  • April 1997

Journal of Aging and Physical Activity

... Moreover, Moore, et al. (2017) [18] reported that obesity rates rise, comorbidities like type-2 diabetes and CVD increase. Additionally, Pollock, et al. (1995) [22] ; and Siddiqui, et al. (2010) [23] reported that regular exercise, including cardiorespiratory, resistance, flexibility, and neuro-motor activities, is essential for maintaining physical fitness and health. However, Haskell, et al. (2007) [12] ; Minder, et al. (2014) [17] ; and Dogra, et al. (2022) [8] recommended that moderate-intensity aerobic activity for 30 minutes or 20 minutes per week for healthy adults aged from 18 to 65 years. ...

Exercise Prescription for Physical Fitness

... Peak torque of CON and ECC trials was analysed from the torque curves of the each 5 repetitions, after periods of high inertia influence were filtered (Fig. 16). These 'peak torque overshoot' (Ayers & Pollock, 1999) artefacts, contained in the torque output, are caused by the inertial forces during phases of acceleration and deceleration before the achievement of the constant pre-set angular velocity, and need to be excluded from analysis (Baltzopoulos & Brodie, 1989). For the comparison of maximum absolute EMG activity during MVC validation measurements (S 1b ), trigger placement depended on contraction mode. ...

Isometric dynamometry
  • Citing Article
  • January 1999

... But, we are exercise physiologists. Wind us up and we measure VO 2 max, which really isn"t very interesting in speed skaters (Maksud et al. 1982, Foster et al. 1982b, Foster et al. 1989, Foster et al. 1993c, Foster et al. 1999. Fortunately, serendipity acted again. ...

Training Responses of Speed Skaters During a Competitive Season

... Otras investigaciones muestran que las actividades de ocio con mayor desafío cognitivo son las que se relacionan con una mayor reserva cognitiva con la que afrontar los síntomas de la enfermedad (Conroy, Golden, Jeffares, O'Neil y McGee, 2010). La actividad física ha sido una de las formas de ocio más estudiadas en diferentes grupos de edad y su incidencia en el proceso de envejecimiento ha sido abordada en numerosos estudios (Cuenca-Amigo y San Salvador del Valle, 2016; Palacios, Losa, Salvadores y Fernández, 2011; Swart, Pollock y Brechue, 1996). Y también se ha comprobado su repercusión en aliviar sintomatología depresiva (Nimrod, Janke y Kleiber, 2009), la soledad o mantener las facultades cognitivas (Bennett, Carmack y Gardner, 1982;Caldwell, 1996;Morgan, Dalloso y Bassey, 1991). ...

Aerobic Exercise for Older Participants
  • Citing Article
  • April 1996

Activities Adaptation & Aging

... The images were saved to a hard drive. Muscle thickness dimensions were obtained by measuring the distance from the subcutaneous adipose tissue-muscle interface to the muscle-bone interface (Abe et al., 2000). Measurements were obtained at the muscle belly of the triceps brachii. ...

THE TIME COURSE FOR STRENGTH AND MUSCLE THICKNESS CHANGE IN TOTAL BODY RESISTANCE TRAINING 939
  • Citing Article
  • May 1997

Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise