September 2013
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This report sums up in two volumes the first 50 years of operation of the CERN Proton Synchrotron. After an introduction on the genesis of the machine, and a description of its magnet and powering systems, the first volume focuses on some of the many innovations in accelerator physics and instrumentation that it has pioneered, such as transition crossing, RF gymnastics, extractions, phase space tomography, or transverse emittance measurement by wire scanners. The second volume describes the other machines in the PS complex: the proton linear accelerators, the PS Booster, the LEP pre-injector, the heavy-ion linac and accumulator, and the antiproton rings.
![Figure 4: Pb 54+ vertical trajectory measurements and comparison with the optics model prediction before and after the correction for the bending dipoles quadrupole error (see text for the difference between Model 1 and Model 2). in regions with horizontal betatron function much smaller than the vertical ones and additional vertical focussing best fits the measurements. The comparison between the vertical trajectory measurements and the model prediction is shown in Fig. 4. The three curves describing the MAD prediction refer to the initial model, to the insertion of K1=0.025 [m −2 ] to the ITE dipoles (Model 1) and to the additional parameter K1=0.025 [m −2 ] in the two dipoles at the end of the ETL line and the beginning of the EI line (Model 2).](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Richard-Scrivens/publication/44217307/figure/fig1/AS:644678974201866@1530714853866/Pb-54-vertical-trajectory-measurements-and-comparison-with-the-optics-model-prediction_Q320.jpg)
