Luke Georghiou's research while affiliated with The University of Manchester and other places
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Publications (139)
An account of the evaluation of the IoT Smart City Demonstrator CityVerve and the challenges faced when demonstrating impact, assessing efficiency and appropriateness of the project.
The need for firms to innovate faster and more effectively has never been more important. It is not surprising then that managers seek ways to improve and to learn ‘what works’ from the success of others. The Industrial Innovation in Transition project (IIT) surveyed the innovation practices of companies in Europe, and examined the processes, suppo...
The need for firms to innovate has never been more important. It is unsurprising that managers seek ways to improve and to learn “what works” from the success of others. Although a wide literature on this topic seeks to encapsulate such lessons as ‘best practice’, in reality, this is a moving target as industrial innovation is itself in transition....
In China the use of public procurement as an innovation policy instrument has been closely associated with the drive to promote indigenous innovation. Implementation was largely through the use of catalogues intended to signal and to formally accredit the supply and demand of technologically-oriented products. This paper reviews these experiences b...
This socio-economic study is based on the widely held view that there is an inadequate supply of human biological samples that is hampering biomedical research development and innovation (RDI). The potential value of samples and the associated data are thus not being realized. We aimed to examine whether the financing of biobanks contributes to thi...
This volume casts light on mergers and alliances in higher educationby examining developments of this type in different countries. It combinesthe direct experiences of those at the heart of such transformations, university leaders and senior officials responsible for higher education policy, with expert analysts of the systems concerned.Higher educ...
The logo of the University of Manchester incorporates a date of establishment of 1824 but this display of pedigree disguises the much more recent foundation of a new university by Royal Charter (A Royal Charter is a means of incorporation granted by the Sovereign of the United Kingdom on the advice of the Privy Council. The UK’s older Universities...
The foundation of a university often reflects the preoccupations of its age, reaching back to theological roots in medieval times, and later meeting the needs of nineteenth century empires for administrators with a rounded education or those of the emerging professional and industrial classes for a highly trained workforce and for research, particu...
Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to set out the process by which a smart specialisation strategy was developed for a small, peripheral economy in the European Union, the Republic of Malta. It assesses the applicability of the approach in the context of a micro-economy with an industrial structure based on a small number of foreign direct inve...
Public procurement is increasingly viewed as having important potential to drive innovation. Despite this interest, numerous barriers prevent the public sector from acting as an intelligent and informed customer. This paper seeks to understand how barriers related to processes, competences, procedures and relationships in public procurement influen...
This chapter provides a review and assessment of public procurement of innovation in the UK. Public procurement of innovation has long been of significant policy and research interest in the UK, but particularly so in the last decade. Accordingly, a host of initiatives and reports have been introduced aimed at mobilising the use of UK public procur...
The report presents the outcome of the Peer Review of the Spanish R&I system. It explains the rationale supporting the Policy Messages highlighted upfront in the report and discusses specific recommendations, clustered into thematic areas. Illustrations from other countries supplement the narrative by presenting good practice examples that could fa...
Public procurement is increasingly seen as an important potential instrument of innovation policy. However, policy design has been underpinned largely by anecdotal evidence and without a clear theoretical or empirical basis for understanding how supplying to the public sector actually influences a firm's innovation capabilities and performance and...
How far are the governance arrangements for the research and innovation systems fit for purpose in meeting the grand challenges we are confronted by? In the past the cloak of “coordination” has been used to disguise the superficiality of most joined-up or integrated approaches to research and innovation policies, while in reality these remained the...
Drawing upon the presentations made at the fourth conference on Future-oriented Technology Analysis, this essay reflects on the implications of the current period of instability and discontinuity for the practice of FTA or foresight. In the past the demand environment for foresight on research and innovation policy favoured application to priority-...
This report summarises the results of the evaluation of the Strategic Centres for Science, Technology and Innovation (SHOKs). The SHOKs have, in the last five years, become one of the main instruments of Finnish innovation policy and one of its ‘flagship’ programmes. Currently there are six SHOKs in operation: Cleen Ltd (in the area of environment...
Public procurement is increasingly seen as an important potential instrument of innovation policy. However, policy design has been underpinned largely by anecdotal evidence and without a clear theoretical or empirical basis for understanding how supplying to the public sector actually influences a firm's innovation capabilities and performance and...
This chapter provides a review and assessment of public procurement of innovation in the UK. Public procurement of innovation has long been of signif-icant policy and research interest in the UK, but particularly so in the last decade. Accordingly, a host of initiatives and reports have been introduced aimed at mobilising the use of UK public procu...
Evaluation of research and innovation policy faces radical challenges arising from a new policy emphasis upon demand-side measures and linked to this an understanding of innovation policy as a means to achieve societal goals. This article considers the implications for the practice of evaluation at both micro and meso-levels. It uses the exemplar o...
The paper addresses the application of foresight to research and innovation policy and strategy. It seeks to show an evolution away from a traditional focus on broad-based technological priority setting to a much more focussed and adapted set of applications. The inherent limitations of prioritisation processes are discussed. The more limited aim o...
Evidence from academic studies and national-level policy reports suggests that university-industry relationships are now widely practiced in many countries and increasing in importance. University innovation centers (UICs) offer one mechanism for managing these relationships. UICs are an instrument to mobilize a critical mass of researchers to buil...
OVERVIEW:
Evidence from academic studies and national-level policy reports suggests that university-industry relationships are now widely practiced in many countries and increasing in importance. University innovation centers (UICs) offer one mechanism for managing these relationships. UICs are an instrument to mobilize a critical mass of researche...
This document is a new indicator report on Wider Framework Conditions (WFCs) carried out by MIoIR as part of NESTA’s Innovation Index. WFCs shape the context in which firms innovate and infiuence their innovation performance and subsequent market success. The selection and definition of those WFCs refiect our current understanding of innovation sys...
The paper describes the evolution of the UK's National Foresight Programme through its three cycles of existence. It assesses the impacts of each stage, the first two in brief and the third in some detail, drawing upon a recently completed evaluation by PREST. Evolution is noted from an exercise aiming to set priorities and build networks as a broa...
The increasing demands placed on sustainable food, feed and fuel production from world population growth and climate change are driving the need for improved agricultural productivity from the limited fertile land-bank and natural resources. The open innovation concept offers opportunities to swiftly create novel products, services and techniques w...
Science funding in the European Union needs to be revised to better serve economic, social and environmental goals, Luke Georghiou argues.
In recent years, the higher education sector has increasingly been perceived as a key part of innovation systems at all levels
of analysis, including national and regional, and through the eco-system which links large and small firms together and with
their collaborators (Coombs and Georghiou 2002). The core functions of Universities, training and...
Two propositions are explored: that present R&D evaluation methods risk missing key effects; that there is a tendency to underestimate the effects of public support. Using the example of a recent impact assessment of the EUREKA initiative, the paper seeks to show the limitations of typical questionnaire approaches. As an alternative, it introduces...
Demand is a major potential source of innovation, yet the critical role of demand as a key driver of innovation has still to be recognised in government policy. This article discusses public procurement as one of the key elements of a demand-oriented innovation policy. The paper starts by signaling the new significance of public procurement for inn...
The United Kingdom has been carrying out a major exercise in the field of Technology Foresight, involving fifteen panels engaged in wide consultation about the future of their areas. The objectives of the Programme are to help set priorities for publicly funded science and technology and to create new working partnerships between science and indust...
The paper addresses the question of what constitutes an appropriate evaluation strategy for national foresight activities in different situations. The variety of rationales for foresight is explored, ranging from a desire to set priorities through to participation-oriented goals and building new networks around common visions and strategies. A gene...
The concept of behavioural additionality emerged as an observed phenomenon in early evaluations of collaborative R&D programmes when it was found that the usual concepts of additionality did not fully capture the effects of programmes on firms. In this chapter we assess the impact of government subsidies for R&D performed by technologybased SMEs. W...
The paper assesses the impacts of a foresight exercise carried out in Malta in 2002 2004. An evaluation framework is applied which seeks to account for the dynamic and possibly turbulent environment of an accession country's emergent innovation system and to capture and assess those effects of foresight potentially extending well beyond those initi...
An exploration of the process and outcome of ascenario-building exercise undertaken by the city region of Manchester, UnitedKingdom, and four local universities is examined. The goals of the exercisewere to develop a shared vision among senior stakeholders of futurebusiness-university linkages in order to fulfill the city’s self-vision asbeing a "k...
The paper describes the design and implementation of an evaluation of a participative foresight process, Futur — the German
Research Dialogue. Futur aims to enrich the process of strategy development for research priorities by involving a broad array
of actors in a combination of different instruments to develop ‘lead visions’. The process of a str...
The European Council in Barcelona set an overall EU R&D investment target of 3% of GDP by the year 2010, with industry asked to contribute two thirds of this figure. To approach these levels, however, dramatic improvements are needed in the
effectiveness of policies used to stimulate private sector R&D.
The specific aim of this report is to offer...
Voluminous literatures address the evolution of universities and changing practices and structures in industrial research and development. Much less attention has been devoted to understanding the third group of major players in knowledge production, that of public sector laboratories. A particular gap has been in population-based studies aiming to...
In this paper we present an overview of the results of a first attempt to put understanding of the evolution and role of public sector laboratories in Europe on a better-informed basis. This was at a time when these organisations had been subject to some fundamental changes as many governments reappraised their relationships with
this sector.
How can industry integrate the kind of scientific research needed for breakthrough technologies? In their Policy Forum,
Coombs and Georghiou
argue that centralized solutions have been replaced by a new ecology where large firms are complemented by small technology-rich
firms. Outsourcing, globalization, and technological alliances are of growing im...
Equipment is critical to the progress of research; therefore its provision is a significant science policy issue. There may be under-investment in equipment relative to other factors of scientific production such as staff. At a European level, inadequate infrastructure is a potential barrier to achievement of objectives, hence its recognition as a...
The evolution of the inter-relationship between the European Union’s Framework Programme, the EUREKA initiative and COST is examined. It is concluded that the rationales acquired through their historical origins and development have been overtaken by changing circumstances. In turn this has affected the division of labour and modes of co-existence...
This report aims to describe what is known about the status and nature of links between the UK science base and industry in the domains of Information and Communications Technologies (ICT) and Biotechnology. It does so through reviewing statistics, frameworks and a series of case-studies of different modes of linkage, and of Research Council action...
We introduce a new hybrid approach to joint estimation of Value at Risk (VaR) and Expected Shortfall (ES) for high quantiles of return distributions. We investigate the relative performance of VaR and ES models using daily returns for sixteen stock market indices (eight from developed and eight from emerging markets) prior to and during the 2008 fi...
This paper examines the role of industry in the support of academic infrastructure, in particular university research equipment. Although the United Kingdom provides the framework for discussion the described situation should be a familiar one in most countries. The argument is constructed around the perceptions, opinions and positions of universit...
Science and technology (S&T) are considered to be a central source, or at least a basic medium, of societal and industrial innovation, while innovation is conceived to basically feed the regeneration of our welfare. The suppliers of S&T in Europe as well as the users of their „products“, are confronted with a number of challenges today. We want to...
Science and technology (S&T) are considered to be a central source, or at least a basic medium, of societal and industrial innovation, while innovation is conceived to basically feed the regeneration of our welfare. The suppliers of S&T in Europe as well as the users of their „products“, are confronted with a number of challenges today. We want to...
Europe provides large-scale public support for collaborative R&D, notably through the European Union's Framework Programmes and the intergovernmental Eureka Initiative. Experience in evaluating these programmes is reviewed, with particular emphasis on assessment of their socio-economic effects. For the Framework Programmes a panel-based evaluation...
This article examines the emerging phenomenon of global cooperation in research between industrialised countries, manifested in large increases in copublication between Europe and other regions, increasing focus on single global facilities in big science and the emergence of global cooperative programmes. Motivations for cooperation are examined, d...
Merger and acquisition (M&A) decisions tend to be dominated by financial and business managers. However, given the growing importance of technology and innovation to firm competitiveness and the on-going importance of merger, acquisition and divestment activity, there are potential gains to be made by acquirers from better integrating technology is...
We are grateful to Sharon Boardman for help in preparing this paper, and to Andrew James who has collaborated with us in the development of the ideas on complex adaptive policy making.
The efforts by policymakers to help firms become more innovative have created a strong desire to know which policies work. This has placed high expectations upon evaluation. The development of evaluation in this sphere has mirrored the evolution of policy, beginning with a focus on large-scale collaborative technology programmes and gradually movin...
Technology foresight at a national level has emerged as a prominent instrument of technology policy during the first half of the 1990s. Programmes of this type are not generally seeking to identify future scientific breakthroughs (the so-called ‘picking winners’ approach). Rather, they are concerned to put in place the infrastructure necessary to r...
This paper describes findings on the management of collaboration arising from an evaluation of the participation of the UK in the EUREKA programme. The principle issues addressed in the paper are the origins and motivations for collabration, the roles played by participants of different types and the significance of collaboration for project outcom...
The increasingly competitive nature of the international economy, and the associated structural changes which have taken place, have led policymakers in industrialised countries towards a renewed emphasis upon innovation as an instrument of industrial policy. During the 1980s this was most apparent in the emergence of national and international sch...
The papers in this issue provide a clear picture of the practice of research evaluation in the European Union. Experiences
differ as would be expected given the diversity of systems in which evaluation is carried out. While programme evaluations
are becoming more routine, institutional reforms have created a demand for a new kind of evaluation. Thi...
This paper describes the results of a case-study carried out within the context of a wider evaluation of the benefits and costs of international collaboration in Europe for the development of fast breeder reactors. The Cabri reactor is a large scale research facility jointly owned and operated by France and Germany, with the UK, USA, and Japan invo...
During the early development of semiconductor electronic components individual products had their own particular function, which in each case was roughly analogous to the function performed by a given type of thermionic valve. While the use of semiconductor components provided significant advantages over valves (in particular smaller physical size,...
Mirrlees National, which was a subsidiary of Hawker Siddeley, won the Queen’s Award in 1967 in recognition of the innovative developments embodied in its ‘K Major’ heavy-duty diesel engine. In producing this engine the company was able to combine its accumulated technological experience with a ‘scientific’ approach to design. Following the launch o...
An ideal dye system should offer a full range of shades at an economic price, be easy to use and be ‘fast’, that is, not fade under adverse conditions such as sunlight and washing. For cellulosic fibres such as cotton, ease of use implies that dyeing should be done in aqueous solution. Fastness is achieved by attaching the coloured substance to the...
During the 1950s increasing temperatures and pressures in steam-generating plant exposed operating difficulties caused by gland-leakages in circulating pumps. An early solution to this problem was to enclose the pump and electric motor in a single pressure-tight shell, eliminating the need for glands or rotating seals. The shell was filled with wat...
The introduction of an automatic gearbox as an optional extra for the British Motor Corporation’s (BMC) (from 1968 the British Leyland Motor Corporation’s (BLMC)) 850cc Mini enabled Automotive Products (AP) to gain the Queen’s Award in 1966. AP produced the gearbox after a joint development programme with the BLMC, and the close supplier-customer r...
Lytag Ltd won the Queen’s Award for ‘innovation in building materials’ for the development of ‘Lytag’, a lightweight aggregate manufactured from the pulverised fuel ash (pfa) produced by a modern power-station. The firm was a wholly-owned small subsidiary of John Laing Ltd, the civil engineering and building corporation, and was set up to manufactu...
The technological development of fuses for use in electricity supply systems, industrial equipment and other functions which involve large electrical currents has, for the most part, followed changes in the nature and complexity of these applications. That is to say, fuse development has been predominantly ‘user-need oriented’.
Recent thinking about technical change has been strongly influenced by the theoretical work of Joseph Schumpeter. As we have seen in the previous chapter, most analyses of innovation, since Schumpeter, have considered innovation as a somewhat momentous, discrete event made possible by a prior invention and drawn into economic significance by a proc...
H. S. Marsh Ltd gained the Queen’s Award for the design and construction of a plant for the sterilisation of medical equipment by gamma radiation. The firm designed the world’s first commercial irradiation plant for the sterilisation of disposable plastic syringes which was commissioned in 1962 for Johnson’s Ethical Plastics Ltd in Slough. This was...
Plasticisers Ltd gained the Queen’s Award for a new method of producing a fibrous form of polypropylene used for twine and ropes. The technique initially involved the extrusion of a film which was subsequently water-cooled, slit and stretched to the point at which it tended to split into fibres, this last process being known as fibrillation. The po...
Vosper Thornycroft won the Queen’s Award to Industry in 1966 for its development of gas-turbine powered fast patrol boats (FPBs). This award, which was conferred just after the Portsmouth-based firm of Vosper had taken over John I. Thornycroft of Southampton, recognised pre-merger development work undertaken by Vosper Ltd. The FPBs in question repr...