Luke Fowler's research while affiliated with Boise State University and other places
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Publications (40)
Wisconsin’s Campus Free Speech Act provides a unique case study to examine the intersection of venue shopping and the multiple streams framework. After some initial traction, entrepreneur ran into roadblocks in the state legislature; then, shifted their attention to the University of Wisconsin Board of Regents, where they were able to take advantag...
Entrepreneurial strategies and tactics are often subtle and indiscrete, adding to the mystery of how one goes about being an entrepreneur, particularly within bureaucratic agencies that are often set up to constrain such behaviors. The authors use a case study of the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)'s public engagement prac...
Ambiguities often weave through policies, leading to conflict and confusion over the intents and purpose of said policy and how it may manifest in any specific instance. Given that policy management is a core function for most public service agencies, the challenges here are almost universally experienced as public servants balance the political, l...
en Are there any environmentalists left in the Republican Party? Using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and data from the League of Conservation Voters (LCV) for the 115th (2017–2018) and 116th (2019–2020) Congresses, the author finds that around 25% of Republicans in the House of Representatives and 40% of those in the Senate are more supportive...
Among the most well‐known traits of the Obama presidency are his rhetorical skills and reliance on administrative action to push forward policy in the face of an unresponsive Congress. This is particularly notable for climate change, where Obama used the tools of the administrative presidency to make policy and rhetoric to build public support for...
Dehumanizing language, language that compares human beings to animals or machines, is typically thought of in problematic cases, where it is designed to denigrate individuals or entire groups in society. But, this language can also be used to praise—describing an employee as a machine can be done to signify super-human characteristics. We find that...
The author examines policy implementation as an exercise in coping with ambiguity (i.e., different ways of thinking about the same issues) on the one hand and uncertainty (i.e., lack of information) on the other. Functions are how implementers figure out the best way to make a policy work in practice and processes are how organizations formalize me...
Objective
Although performance appraisals are based on objective procedures, cognitive biases from appraisers may create avenues for errors in judgment of employee performance. Dehumanizing language, or metaphors that characterize humans in nonhuman terms (e.g., cogs in a machine), is one important way cognitive biases can occur
Method
We conduct...
Questions of whether to enforce COVID-related mask mandates are complex. While enforced mandates are more effective at controlling community spread, government imposed behavioral controls have met significant opposition in conservative states, where a political bloc on the right is skeptical that COVID presents a significant and immediate threat. T...
While many scholars and analysts have observed a decline in civility in recent years, there have been few examinations of how political, economic, and institutional structures may partially explain inter-state differences in these trends. We suggest three potential explanations: (1) institutional structures, such as legislative professionalism and...
This article uses Erin’s Law, a law establishing consistent teacher reporting practices for child abuse, to test the multiple streams framework (MSF) implementation hypothesis in a policy area where inconsistent state-level policies have been the norm. Findings indicate that Erin’s Law has a conditional impact on teacher reporting that are dependen...
Partnerships receive significant attention in public administration scholarship, with the mass of this literature focusing on whether partnerships work, how to make them work, or how they fit into existing institutions (Provan and Milward, 2001; Vigoda, 2002; McGuire, 2006; Thomson and Perry, 2006; Andrews and Entwistle, 2010; McQuaid, 2010; O’Tool...
Although partisan politics tend be set aside during crisis, the timing of gubernatorial actions in response to COVID-19 is telling about how partisanship is shaping the way elected officials are reacting to this pandemic. Using an event history analysis, the authors find that Democratic governors responded to the White House’s attempts to downplay...
en The authors use the Institutional Collective Action Framework to analyze the barriers, opposition, and opportunities for residential pharmaceutical disposal programs in the United States via a case study on a series of take‐back programs pioneered in the state of Washington by local and state governments, as well as the corresponding backlash fr...
While dehumanizing language, or comparison of humans to animals or machines, is commonplace in administrative rhetoric, there is little evidence of its consequences, particularly when used in its positive form, with intent to praise, rather than denigrate. Using a survey experiment, the authors provide respondents with an employee evaluation of a h...
In managing complex policy problems in the federal system, state and local governments are organized into different arrangements for translating policy goals into policy outcomes. The authors use air quality management as a test case to understand these variations and their impact on policy outcomes. With data from Clean Air Act implementation plan...
Does the partisanship of officeholders affect environmental outcomes? The popular perception is that Republicans are bad for the environment, but complicating factors like federalism may limit this outcome. Using a dataset that tracks toxic releases over 20 years, we examine how partisan control of executive and legislative branches at both state a...
In the United States, environmental federalism largely relies on a system for policy implementation that allows the federal government to delegate primary program authority (or primacy) to state agencies. Although it is an ingrained feature of several major federal environmental policies, such as the Clean Water Act (CWA), there is little evidence...
Responding to the COVID-19 crisis across the world has required a massive and sudden shift in human behaviors, with an end goal of slowing the spread of the disease. Importantly, this type of behavioral change requires messaging from governmental agencies and officials. However, we are uncertain about what types of messages are most influential at...
en The author furthers research on the multiple streams framework (MSF) by testing hypotheses related to the conditional nature of politics, policy, and problems streams in affecting policy outputs from both policymaking and policy implementation. The author articulates a theoretical model of the policy process where policymaking and policy impleme...
en In response to calls from previous scholarship for further bottom‐up examination of local government roles in environmental policy, the authors revisit local air agencies to examine two separate phenomena occurring in environmental federalism: one from the top down (second‐order devolution) and one from the bottom up (local activism). Using surv...
In the US, federal environmental policies tend to be implemented by subnational agencies through intergovernmental management systems, which results in state governments serving as agents of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Therefore, principal-agent dynamics create a key challenge for implementing federal environmental policies, as goal...
State preemption of local policymaking has attracted increasing attention from scholars, public officials, and citizens, as states have prevented local governments from boosting the minimum wage, regulating firearms, and barring certain forms of discrimination, among other policies. Although scholars have examined the legal dimensions of state pree...
The changing nature of public service has blurred the lines between economic sectors by intermingling public, private, and nonprofit missions, and made it easier for employees to balance extrinsic and intrinsic motivators by seeking employers positioned along a continuum that balance their interests. Using data from the “After the JD” study, the au...
en Partnerships are now essential to public service delivery. However, due to the limitations in collaborative capacity, there are both obstacles and motivators for forming partnerships. Intergovernmental and cross‐sectoral partnerships offer different advantages and disadvantages in extending public service missions in new directions. Using survey...
Although local governments are well poised to address complex environmental policy problems, balancing local and supra-local politics is a key obstacle to overcome. The authors argue that when making policy choices, local policymakers balance local and supra-local influences by exploiting uncertainty in policy goals and associated target population...
Current scholarship identifies benefits to both quality of partnerships and extensiveness of networks when managing shared policy goals. However, with limited collaborative capacity, many public service organizations are faced with a decision of whether to pursue intense connections with specific organizations or dense ties with an array of organiz...
We apply Kingdon's multiple streams framework (MSF) to policy implementation to reflect a nested process separate from but interdependent with policymaking. Then, we generate a hypothesis concerning the conditional nature of problems, policies, and politics stream impacts on policy implementation. We test our hypotheses with state‐level implementat...
Although energy has become a key political issue in recent decades, a comprehensive national policy is lacking, and state and local governments are playing increasingly important and diverse roles. This essay reviews what we know about intergovernmental relations in energy policy, including overlaps between national, state, and local authorities; t...
Interjurisdictional policy problems have facilitated both interlocal cooperation and opportunities for self-interested behavior from local governments. However, intergovernmental management (IGM) approaches shape how local governments interact with each other and how much influence local managerial efforts have on policy outcomes. After identifying...
Although the Clean Air Act (CAA) relies on a traditional inter-government partnership, new initiatives from local governments that fall outside of the conventional implementation strategy have created a unique public service delivery network by adding layers to the implementation scheme. Using both logistic and multinomial logistic models and a dat...
Overlapping intergovernmental authorities explain much of the complexities in U.S. energy policy, by accounting for limited powers, uncertain autonomy, cooperation and conflict, inter-state differences, and intersecting policies. Among the implications of overlapping authority are polycentric policymaking venues, direct and indirect policy effects,...
While lacking coercive power to compel enforcement, interstate compacts create accountability through multiple sources and layers connecting enforcement behavior to oversight. Using logistic regression, we test a model of accountability and enforcement of unauthorized water usage on the Klamath River. Findings indicate unauthorized water usage is f...
Trends in state-level public opinion on the environment within the U.S. are examined, using data from the General Social Survey (GSS) from 1976 to 2008. Multilevel Regression and Post-Stratification (MRP) approach estimates public support for environmental spending at the U.S. state-level over three decades. This allows for an analysis of inter-sta...
The Clean Air Act (CAA) utilizes an intergovernment partnership, relying heavily on the states for implementation. However, local governments have emerged in recent years as key players in improving local air quality. With no official role under the CAA and research typically overlooking their efforts, they are serving as “hidden” partners in the i...
State-level public opinion on the environment within the US is examined, using data from the General Social Survey (GSS) from 2000 to 2010. A Multilevel Regression and Post-Stratification (MRP) approach is taken to estimate three different survey items on environmental issues at the US state level. This allows for a comparable understanding of stat...
While many states have adopted renewable portfolio standards (RPS), they have employed agencies with very different missions to manage these programs. These organizational differences are important in understanding how agencies are approaching the policy implementation. However, there is little research on the comparative effectiveness of these imp...
The Clean Air Act (CAA) and Clean Water Act (CWA) have been the lynchpins of the U.S. environmental policy for the last half century. Under both acts the federal government sets standards and the states implement, the outcomes of the CAA and CWA have not been the same however. While criteria air pollutants across the nation have been reduced or mai...
State environmental agencies have been organized independently with a variety of structural schemes, and are responsible for the bulk of administration of federal environmental policy, such as the Clean Air Act. Using statistical models of air quality outcomes, this research compares three competing typologies for capturing agency differences: Ring...
Citations
... c. Moralitas . Menurut (Ratner 2021)Karena dilihat dari perspektif pelaku yang melakukan kekerasan seksual terhadap anak di bawah umur, maka keadaan moral masyarakat di suatu daerah berdampak cukup besar terhadap kemungkinan terjadinya kekerasan seksual (Fowler and Vallett 2021). Individu dengan kesadaran moral yang tinggi tidak akan melakukan kekerasan seksual atau kejahatan lain terhadap anak-anak atau orang lain di sekitar mereka. ...
... Returning to this conception of what 'good politics' might be, as mentioned previously (Lee 2020), it is clearly stated in the same article that the 'spaces' in which politics take place are 'making (legislature), implementing (executive), and enforcing (judiciary)'. Other articles similarly describe places which the authors conceive of as spaces for politics to take place -legislative action (Teigen 2007;Adeel et al. 2020;Afsahi et al. 2020;Nelson 2021), participation in a political system (Burkle 2020), the composition of a legislative committee (Moulds 2020), as well as partisanship and coalition-forming between political parties (Fowler, Kettler and Witt 2021;Nelson 2021). ...
![[object Object]](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/866157032665091-1583519337873_Q64/Stephanie-Witt-2.jpg)
... Positive dehumanization is understudied, relative to negative dehumanization, but evidence suggests that dehumanizing employees in a positive way can serve to create negative evaluations of those employees on traits related to humanity, like personal warmth (Fowler & Utych, 2020). However, this work is only just emerging, and does not specifically address public employees, who may be easier to dehumanize given how they are portrayed, mostly negatively, in popular media (Van de Walle, 2016). ...
![[object Object]](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/715071521034241-1547497744457_Q64/Stephen-Utych.jpg)
... Nevertheless, one important way in which organizations structure decision-making and limit the unpredictability that comes along with discretion is through processes. To this end, Fowler (2021) identifies processes as mechanisms used to galvanize behaviors and decisions in order to reduce uncertainty and the associated risks of implementers using discretion unimpeded. Processes, by their nature, are driven from the top-down as executives and managers FOWLER attempt to structure decision-making. ...
... State preemptions 2 refer to "the use of state law to nullify a municipal ordinance or authority" in certain policy areas (NLC, 2018, p. 3). Policy areas that are subject to state preemptions include minimum wage, paid leave, antidiscrimination, firearms, broadband, economic programs, and tax and expenditure (Dupuis et al., 2018;Fowler & Witt, 2019). Proponents of state preemptions argue that they allow state laws and regulations to be enforced consistently on the local level for statewide purposes (Dupuis et al., 2018). ...
... During President Barack Obama's time in office, after climate legislation stalled in Congress, the primary attempt to use executive action to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions (via the Clean Power Plan) would have given state governments significant authority of how to specifically achieve regulatory targets (Konisky and Woods 2016). Independently, state governments have created their own unique climate or environmental regulationsoften in part due to lack of significant federal policy changesin areas such as fossil fuel drilling (Davis 2017), renewable electricity (Carley et al. 2018), carbon pricing (Rabe 2018), and clean water rules (Fowler and Birdsall 2021), among others. The institutionally federalist US political system makes state governments critical to the American ability to mitigate emissions. ...
![[object Object]](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/333906688659456-1456620966744_Q64/Chris-Birdsall.jpg)
... Obviously, when economic performance is taken as the single evaluation criterion in promotion considerations, it is difficult to motivate local officials in their environmental governance [31,33]. Studies from different countries have also confirmed the negative impact of political competition on environmental governance and resource efficiency [34][35][36][37]. ...
... Due to comorbidities and social deprivation, the older age cohort is in the most threatening condition of the COVID-19 pandemic [5]. Also, coronavirus complications are hardest for older adults, mainly crossed 65 years, due to the low immune system [6]. Literature addressed that age is a vital aspect of dealing with this coronavirus, as senior citizens are more likely to be exposed to this virus [2]. ...
... One is the adaptation of the MSF to parliamentary party systems with a particular focus on institutions (Herweg et al., 2015). Another concerns not only the application of the MSF to agenda-setting processes, but its extension to the decision-making process with a separate coupling process or implementation (Fowler, 2018(Fowler, , 2020Howlett, 2018). This includes the observation that in the agenda-setting stage, it is sufficient to generate interest among policy actors, while in the later stage of decision-making, it is necessary to organize the required majority for the adoption of the policy proposal (Zohlnhöfer, 2016). ...
Reference: Programmatic Action in French Health Policy
... Among these are factors associated with problematic organizational arrangements (structures, processes, plans, procedures, delegation of authority, administrative culture, etc.), which can create difficulties with regard to cooperation, coordination, and policy attainment (Comfort et al., 2020;Jordana & Triviño-Salazar, 2020;Kettl, 2003;Parker et al., 2009;Parker & Stern, 2002;Persson et al., 2017). In addition, archaic forms of intergovernmental relations, bureaucratic conflict, political infighting, and capacity loss can hinder or distort communication, information sharing, goal formation, and policy implementation (Kam, 1988, pp. 176-198;Agranoff & McGuire, 2001;Fowler, 2020;Ansell et al., 2021aAnsell et al., , 2021b. We will now utilize the bureaucratic-organizational perspective to shed light on the subpar governmental performance related to swiftly mounting an effective all-ofgovernment approach to the COVID-19 pandemic. ...
