December 2024
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73 Reads
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December 2024
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73 Reads
December 2024
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55 Reads
December 2024
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75 Reads
December 2024
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96 Reads
December 2024
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57 Reads
December 2024
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766 Reads
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2 Citations
The Lancet Infectious Diseases
Summary Background Diarrhoeal diseases claim more than 1 million lives annually and are a leading cause of death in children younger than 5 years. Comprehensive global estimates of the diarrhoeal disease burden for specific age groups of children younger than 5 years are scarce, and the burden in children older than 5 years and in adults is also understudied. We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2021 to assess the burden of, and trends in, diarrhoeal diseases overall and attributable to 13 pathogens, as well as the contributions of associated risk factors, in children and adults in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021. Methods We used the Cause of Death Ensemble modelling strategy to analyse vital registration data, verbal autopsy data, mortality surveillance data, and minimally invasive tissue sampling data. We used DisMod-MR (version 2.1), a Bayesian meta-regression tool, to analyse incidence and prevalence data identified via systematic reviews, populationbased surveys, and claims and inpatient data. We calculated diarrhoeal disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) as the sum of years of life lost (YLLs) and years lived with disability (YLDs) for each location, year, and age–sex group. For aetiology estimation, we used a counterfactual approach to quantify population-attributable fractions (PAFs). Additionally, we estimated the diarrhoeal disease burden attributable to the independent effects of risk factors using the comparative risk assessment framework. Findings In 2021, diarrhoeal diseases caused an estimated 1·17 million (95% uncertainty interval 0·793–1·62) deaths globally, representing a 60·3% (50·6–69·0) decrease since 1990 (2·93 million [2·31–3·73] deaths). The most pronounced decline was in children younger than 5 years, with a 79·2% (72·4–84·6) decrease in diarrhoeal deaths. Global YLLs also decreased substantially, from 186 million (147–221) in 1990 to 51·4 million (39·9–65·9) in 2021. In 2021, an estimated 59·0 million (47·2–73·2) DALYs were attributable to diarrhoeal diseases globally, with 30·9 million (23·1–42·0) of these affecting children younger than 5 years. Leading risk factors for diarrhoeal DALYs included low birthweight and short gestation in the neonatal age groups, child growth failure in children aged between 1–5 months and 2–4 years, and unsafe water and poor sanitation in older children and adults. We estimated that the removal of all evaluated diarrhoeal risk factors would reduce global DALYs from 59·0 million (47·2–73·2) to 4·99 million (1·99–10·0) among all ages combined. Globally in 2021, rotavirus was the predominant cause of diarrhoeal deaths across all ages, with a PAF of 15·2% (11·4–20·1), followed by norovirus at 10·6% (2·3–17·0) and Cryptosporidium spp at 10·2% (7·03–14·3). In children younger than 5 years, the fatal PAF of rotavirus was 35·2% (28·7–43·0), followed by Shigella spp at 24·0% (15·2–37·9) and adenovirus at 23·8% (14·8–36·3). Other pathogens with a fatal PAF greater than 10% in children younger than 5 years included Cryptosporidium spp, typical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, and enterotoxigenic E coli producing heat-stable toxin. Interpretation The substantial decline in the global burden of diarrhoeal diseases since 1990, particularly in children younger than 5 years, supports the effectiveness of health interventions such as oral rehydration therapy, enhanced water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) infrastructure, and the introduction and scale-up of rotavirus vaccination. Targeted interventions and preventive measures against key risk factors and pathogens could further reduce this burden. Continued investment in the development and distribution of vaccines for leading pathogens remains crucial.
September 2024
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195 Reads
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1 Citation
BMC Infectious Diseases
Background Bacterial antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global threat to both humans and livestock. Despite this, there is limited global consensus on data-informed, priority areas for intervention in both sectors. We compare current livestock AMR data collection efforts with other variables pertinent to human and livestock AMR to identify critical data gaps and mutual priorities. Methods We globally synthesized livestock AMR data from open-source surveillance reports and point prevalence surveys stratified for six pathogens (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, non-typhoidal Salmonella, Campylobacter spp., Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium) and eleven antimicrobial classes important in human and veterinary use, published between 2000 and 2020. We also included all livestock species represented in the data: cattle, chickens, pigs, sheep, turkeys, ducks, horses, buffaloes, and goats. We compared this data with intended priorities calculated from: disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), livestock antimicrobial usage (AMU), livestock biomass, and a global correlation exercise between livestock and human proportion of resistant isolates. Results Resistance to fluoroquinolones and macrolides in Staphylococcus aureus were identified as priorities in many countries but, less than 10% of these reported livestock AMR data. Resistance data for Escherichia coli specific to cattle, chickens, and pigs, which we prioritized, were also well collected. AMR data collection on non-typhoidal Salmonella and other livestock species were often not prioritized. Of 232 categories prioritized by at least one country, data were only collected for 48% (n = 112). Conclusions The lack of livestock AMR data globally for broad resistance in Staphylococcus aureus could underplay their zoonotic threat. Countries can bolster livestock AMR data collection, reporting, and intervention setting for Staphylococcus aureus as done for Escherichia coli. This framework can provide guidance on areas to strengthen AMR surveillance and decision-making for humans and livestock, and if done routinely, can adapt to resistance trends and priorities.
September 2024
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104 Reads
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56 Citations
September 2024
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106 Reads
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33 Citations
September 2024
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78 Reads
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3 Citations
... Rotavirus causes severe and fatal diarrhea in young patients worldwide and accounts for half of all hospitalizations for this condition in children under 5 years of age in developed countries. It is also responsible for approximately 25% of all hospital-acquired viral infections, particularly in immunocompromised children [65]. SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus was detected in two studies [45,49]. ...
December 2024
The Lancet Infectious Diseases
... Of note, these states cover South, North, and Central Mexico. A total of 59 Newport strains (14.7%) and 50 Anatum strains (12.4%) were isolated from meat samples, aligning with previous reports showing that Salmonella serotypes are frequently associated with meat products, especially in urban areas with interconnected food supply chains [9,[54][55][56]. ...
September 2024
BMC Infectious Diseases
... The rise in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) threatens to cause a significant number of unnecessary deaths (O'Neill, 2016;Naghavi et al., 2024). To address this growing threat, policies have targeted antibiotic usage (ABU) reduction in the human, animal and environmental sectors (Chua et al., 2021). ...
September 2024
... Com a RAM, essas infecções se tornam mais difíceis de tratar, aumentando o risco de mortalidade, internações prolongadas e custos elevados para o sistema de saúde. Em nível econômico, a RAM é associada a além da promoção de boas práticas de higiene e saneamento (Naghavi et al., 2024). Contudo, a implementação de políticas eficazes enfrenta desafios, como a variabilidade das regulamentações e o uso indiscriminado de antimicrobianos na agricultura. ...
September 2024
... To reduce your chances of exposure to these bacteria, don't drink lake or pond water, wash your hands often, avoid unsecured foods, and beware of cross-contaminants between foods. [9]. Several studies have been conducted on contamination of well water with intestinal bacteria and sewage, especially the spread IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1183/1/012068 ...
September 2024
... This study reveals a high prevalence of tetra-, penta-, and hepta-resistant patterns in environmental and pork isolates, which poses a significant public health threat due to potential treatment failures after simple infections caused by MDR isolates. These findings were consistent with various global investigations demonstrating a high incidence of MDR patterns among Salmonella strains isolated from different sources [19,30]. The extensive use of antibiotics in the medical and veterinary sectors that resulted in a high AMR by exerting a selection pressure against the used antimicrobials. ...
September 2024
The Lancet
... In 2019, an estimated 309 million disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) were linked to 85 different parasites in children under the age of five, with Plasmodium spp., the causative agent of malaria, accounting for 12.0% of the total [186]. Another parasite, Toxoplasma gondii, is associated with various infections including congenital toxoplasmosis, which is transmitted from the mother to the foetus. ...
April 2024
The Lancet Infectious Diseases
... However, the epidemic cycle typically spans approximately 3 to 7 years, and may last for 1 to 2 years [3]. In 2021, MP caused approximately 25.3 million infections [4], and was identified as a principal pathogen responsible for 10-40% of community-acquired pneumonia cases among school-aged children (5-14 years) and young adults [5]. The infection rate in school-age children reached as high as 49.9% [6]. ...
April 2024
The Lancet Infectious Diseases
... Pharmaceutical companies must be held accountable for proper waste management, ensuring that antibiotic residues are not discharged into water bodies or the environment. Governments can regulate waste disposal practices and implement stricter controls on pharmaceutical manufacturers to reduce contamination [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]9]. ...
February 2024
The Lancet Global Health
... Environmental antibiotic pollution creates a complex challenge due to the development of microbial antibiotic resistance from prolonged exposure in the environment [88]. Almost 5 million deaths were associated with antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in 2019, with AMR being directly responsible for 1.27 million deaths [89]. To effectively address this issue, the sorption of four antibiotics, namely chlortetracycline (CTC), oxytetracycline (OTC), ofloxacin (OFL), and enrofloxacin (ENR), on natural zeolite was investigated. ...
August 2023
Croatian Medical Journal