Louri Klemann-Junior’s research while affiliated with Universidade do Estado do Amazonas and other places

Abstract The habitat loss is the main threat for many parrot species worldwide. However, the disturbed environments can influence the occurrence of the species positively or negatively, depending on its structure and potential use as an alternative environment. Therefore, this work aims to determine the relationship between land use types and the occurrence of the threatened Red-browed Amazon, identifying the land use types related to species’ occurrence and the direction of these relationships. Seven land use types were significantly associated with the species’ occurrence: Primary/Secondary Advanced/Medium Natural Forest, Secondary Natural Vegetation, Pasture, Outcrop/Bare Soil, Mangroves, Rivers and Urban Areas. We found that some land use types that are structurally different from the original environments (Pasture, Outcrop/Bare Soil and Urban Areas) positively affected the occurrence of the species. The relationship between intensity of occurrence and highly anthropized land use types, suggests a plasticity of the species in habitat use that may be contributing to the maintenance of Red-browed Amazon populations in highly disturbed habitats. Therefore, we proposed that the management of disturbed areas, along with usual conservation strategies (e.g., conservation of forest remnants, restoration of degraded areas), could contribute to Red-browed Amazon conservation.

Terciary list of bird species in the state of Paraná. Vegetation types of records (when available): EGL–Grassland; FES–Semideciduous Tropical Forest; FOD–Tropical Rainforest; FOM–Araucaria Moist Forest; SA–Savanna. Comments: “probably misidentification” and “probably scaped” are based on Klemann-Junior personal observations. Nomenclature and taxonomic order follow CBRO [35]. * Escaped from captivity, established population confirmation is required. (DOCX)

Data generated by citizen science is particularly valuable in ecological research. If used discerningly with data from traditional scientific references, citizen science can directly contribute to biogeography knowledge and conservation policies by increasing the number of species records in large geographic areas. Considering the current level of knowledge on south Brazilian avifauna, the large volume of data produced by uncoordinated citizen science effort (CS), and the growing need for information on changes in abundance and species composition, we have compiled an updated, general list of bird species occurrence within the state of Paraná. We have listed extinct, invasive and recently-colonizing species as well as indicator species of the state’s vegetation types. We further assess the degree of knowledge of different regions within the state based on data from traditional scientific references, and the effect of including CS data in the same analysis. We have compiled data on 766 bird species, based on 70,346 individual records from traditional scientific references, and 79,468 from CS. Extinct and invasive species were identified by comparing their occurrence and abundance over a series of three time periods. Indicator species analysis pointed to the existence of three areas with bird communities typically found within the state: the Semideciduous Tropical Forest, the Tropical Rainforest and the junction of Grassland and Araucaria Moist Forest. We used rarefaction to measure sampling sufficiency, and found that rarefaction curves reached stabilization for all vegetation types except in Savanna. We observed differences in the level of knowledge of bird biodiversity among the microregions of the state, but including CS data, these differences were mitigated. The same effect was observed in other exploratory analyzes conducted here, emphasizing the fundamental importance of including CS data in macroecological studies. Production of easily accessible data and its unrestricted availability makes CS a very important tool, especially in highly diverse regions as the Neotropics, as it can offer a more accurate picture of bird composition in comparison to the exclusive use of traditional scientific references.

Extinct species in each vegetation type in Paraná state considerding only data from traditional scientific references (BM) and including CS data (BM+CS). *Species extinct in the state of Paraná. Excluded species: 1 Species of marginal occurrence in shown vegetation type. 2 Migrants, partial migrants and species that perform seasonal dispersal, nomadic or other with poorly known mobility [61]. 3 Seabirds. Vegetation type: EGL–Grassland; FES–Semideciduous Tropical Forest; FOD–Tropical Rainforest; FOM–Araucaria Moist Forest. Species are organized in alphabetical order. Global and of Paraná state (PR) threat categories of the species, according to IUCN [96] and Straube et al. [94]: LC–Least Concern; NT–Near Threatened; VU–Vulnerable; EN–Endangered; CR–Critically Endangered; RE–Regionally Extinct; DD–Data Deficient; - –Not Evaluated. (DOCX)

Natural history museums from which data was used to build the Paraná state bird database. (DOCX)

Indicator species and their Indicator Values (IndVal) in each vegetation type in Paraná state followed by specificity, fidelity and p-values considering only data from traditional scientific references (BM), and including CS data (BM+CS). Vegetation type: EGL–Grassland; FES–Semideciduous Tropical Forest; FOD–Tropical Rainforest; FOM–Araucaria Moist Forest; SA–Savanna. The total number of species in each vegetation type is presented within brackets. (DOCX)

Literature references used to build the Paraná state bird database. (DOCX)

Primary and secondary (within square brackets) lists of species with records in Paraná state, indicating the number of records in each vegetation type (see also S1 Table and S1 Table). Notes: I–introduced non-native species with recently estabilished populations in the state; C–recently-colonizing species; N–species included in our primary and secondary lists but not mentioned in Scherer-Neto et al. [17]; N(S)–species included in our primary and secondary lists, and mentioned in the terciary list of Scherer-Neto et al. [17]; SP–species transferred from the secondary list of Scherer-Neto et al. [17] to our primary list. Environments and Vegetation types: MAR–Seabirds; EGL–Grassland; FES–Semideciduous Tropical Forest; FOD–Tropical Rainforest; FOM–Araucaria Moist Forest; SA–Savanna. Source: WA–Wiki Aves database. Nomenclature and taxonomic order follow CBRO [35]. (DOCX)

Species that show local population increases and native invasive species (regional population and geographic distribution increases) in each vegetation type in Paraná state considering only data from traditional scientific references (BM), and including CS data (BM+CS). Vegetation type (Veg. type): EGL–Grassland; FES–Semideciduous Tropical Forest; FOD–Tropical Rainforest; FOM–Araucaria Moist Forest. (DOCX)

Level of avifaunal knowledge in Paraná state. Number of records, species, sources of information and sites per microregions in Paraná considering only data from traditional scientific references (BM), and including CS data (BM+CS). Microregions are presented in alphabetical order. (DOCX)