Louise Frisén's research while affiliated with Karolinska Institutet and other places

... Transmasculine individuals may utilize gender-affirming testosterone (T) therapy, typically via intramuscular or subcutaneous injections or via transdermal applications [1]. Although current clinical guidelines encourage discussion of fertility preservation prior to starting T therapy [1][2][3], emerging literature points to the possibility of transmasculine individuals being able to use their gametes for reproduction after being on T [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. Some transmasculine individuals have utilized oocyte retrieval to allow a partner or surrogate to carry a pregnancy with their gametes [6,8,9,12], while others have carried a pregnancy themselves after being on T [4,5,7,8,10,11]. ...

... This study found that participants scored higher on the UGDS than the GIDYQ-AA, which was consistent with previous findings in Western populations (Iliadis et al., 2020;Schneider et al., 2016). The items' content and the time frame may contribute to this difference (Schneider et al., 2016). ...

... In the 21st century, Western gender clinics have seen an upsurge in referrals of adolescents with features of gender dysphoria [27,28]. These adolescents commonly present with mental health problems and psychosocial difficulties in various domains of life [29], which is likely at least partly explained by gender dysphoria-a continuous distress-itself, or by the prejudice and discrimination related to atypical gender expression [24,25]. ...

... Consequently, adults with DSD also have a higher prevalence of people suffering from anxiety and depression, which was associated with the experience of shame, body dissatisfaction, and overall low self-esteem. 8 Therefore, a structured assessment for each variable is needed for research to correctly measure psychiatric and sexual problems and the overall quality of life in adults with DSD. A validated and reliable instrument and technical considerations such as time to completion and adaptation to a specific population are essential in deciding which tool to choose for each purpose. ...

... Adolescent-onset gender dysphoria is increasing in frequency and is sexually dimorphic, with male-to-female gender dysphoria (transsexualism) having a rate of 6.8/100,000 and female-to-male transsexualism at 2.8/100,000 [342]. Other surveys nd that more female than male adolescents report gender dysphoria, with sex ratios of up to 7.5:1 [343]. ...

... A recent survey amongst DSD specialists revealed knowledge gaps of fertility potential even in experts resulting in insufficient counselling about fertility potential and a desire for better education with regard to fertility preservation and counselling [25]." In patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency (CAH) fertility is substantially reduced in both male and female patients [26][27][28][29]. In both male and female patients with CAH, however, normal fecundity can be achieved with optimal hormonal control [30][31][32][33]. ...

... Glanular sensitivity was significantly lower in patients as compared to controls but was not significantly different when controlled to circumcised controls. This study did note that patients with proximal (repaired) hypospadias had significantly lower reported fertility (22.7% vs 53.9% for distal hypospadias and 52% for controls) and biological children (19% vs 47.6% for distal hypospadias and 52% for controls); the study postulated that the higher prevalence of undescended testicles in hypospadias patents could explain this finding [36]. ...

... Data on cognition and quality of life (QoL) in NC CAH is very limited, whereas carriers of CAH classic pathogenic variants have been found to be less vulnerable to psychological stress [109]. ...