Lorraine Daston’s scientific contributions

... See Lyon (2014) for an exposition. 5 See Daston (1995), Gigerenzer et al. (1989), Hacking (1975). 6 In Suárez (2013), I took the bother to read carefully through Molière's delightful play Le Malade Imaginaire (Molière, 1673, see particularly the third interlude) and found the actual objection to be quite different. ...

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The Possibilities in Propensities

... The word 'statistics' derives from the same etymological roots as 'state', reflecting the fact that statistics originally referred to facts or knowledge about the state, that could be both quantitative and qualitative (Starr, 1987). Statistics took on their modern meaning and use, that is, quantitative data derived from observations of large populations, in the nineteenth century, as they shed their direct association with the study of the state and came to be associated with increasingly professionalised and quantitative natural and social sciences (Gigerenzer & Swijtink, 1989). Meanwhile, state formation can be defined using Max Weber's concept of the state as a form of human community that successfully claims a monopoly on legitimate physical force within a given territory, typically by ceding authority to a political-administrative organisation that is usually termed government. ...

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State formation and statistics

... Failure to do so is rightly judged by the negative term "plagiarism". Third, not long after criticising Marais for quoting Peirce, Pym presents a slide in which he quotes from a book on probabilistic causality (Kruger, Daston, and Heidelberger 1990). The interesting point, from the perspective of multimodal critical discourse analysis (Machin 2013;, is that Pym rhetorically goes further than Marais and Meylaerts and includes a picture of the book on the right-hand side of one of his slides. ...

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Why complexity might not be too simple for translation studies

... Tendo presente que as mutações de linguagem, dos discursos, denotam metamorfoses de atitudes por parte dos seus fautores, nas análises encetadas emergem, como paradigma, os Jogos de Azar 1 . Estes, conquanto fossem uma prática remota em todas as civilizações, só a partir do século XV é que começaram a ser alvo de abordagens matemáticas (TODHUNTER, 1865;DAVID, 1962;HACKING, 1975;STIGLER 1986;GIGERENZER et al., 1989;BERNSTEIN, 1996;FERREIRA et al., 2002). Este novo viés, explicita o intuito de compreensão das distintas possibilidades de ocorrência de um determinado resultado e, por consequência, a intensão de quantificar, medir a incerteza que o perpassava. ...

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Perscrutação Matemática do Acaso: Um Olhar Histórico sobre os Primórdios

... Quantifications became part of the Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) of states (e.g., the German welfare state), enabling to compute contributions to pension funds and insurances; they served to protocol commercial and demographic activities as well as military assets. Indeed, the word statistics likely originates in states' quest for data, with for instance, the "English Political Arithmetic" (Desrosières, 1998, p. 23) and the German equivalent, "Statistik" (Desrosières, 1998, p. 16) being traceable to the 1600s (for more historical discussion, e.g., Daston, 1995;Krüger et al., 1987;Porter, 1995). 4 Big data is one of the latest reflections of the old proverbial insight 'knowledge is power'-an insight that exists in various forms (e.g., The Bible, Book of Proverbs, 24:5; Hobbes, 1651, Part I-X) and languages (e.g., in German: 'Wissen ist Macht'), 5 but that may gain yet other meanings with the massive digitalization; in the future possibly implying E-governance, digital democracy or the dictatorship of numbers (e.g., Helbing et al., 2017;Marewski & Hoffrage, 2021;O'Neil, 2016). ...

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Opium in science and society: numbers and other quantifications

... It is unlikely that we would get something that likely.2 Excellent sources for the history of statistics and the relation across sciences are Stigler[5], Hacking[6], and the various essays collected in Kruger, Daston & Heidelberger[7]. However, my chief source for the relation between thermodynamics and social statistics is Porter[8]. ...

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Theories of disorder and order, energy and information, in sociological thought

... Pigeons, on the other hand, have little in the way of a social structure, and also tend to perform poorly on a serial-order task (Scarf & Colombo, 2008). Such an idea fits well with the "social complexity" hypothesis which proposes that animals living in large social groups have evolved enhanced cognitive abilities for coping with the complexities of such groups (Bond et al., 2003;Kummer et al., 1997), and those cognitive abilities extend to tasks that tap into similar mechanisms. ...

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Mirror mirror on the wall, it's not the mark I care about at all

... However, this literature takes modeling for granted and starts from there. 3 Lenhard (2006) provides much more historical and mathematical detail to this argument. 4 For a sample, see Hacking (1965), Gigerenzer et al. (1989), or Lehmann (1993). 5 Examples are principal component analysis for data reduction, see Jolliffe (2002), or support vector machines, see Vapnik (2006). ...

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Epistemology and pragmatism

... Only the human race began to explore in an orderly manner the mechanisms and factors that cause the formation of specific thoughts in other people, and to a lesser extent, other animals exhibiting the ability mindreading [Boyd, Richerson 1995]. Understanding mental processes of another person is a very difficult task, not only because of the chaotic nature of the human mind, but also because of the subjective assessments of causality, as well as that people tend to be regarded as an objective which leads to misinterpretation, misclassification of the intentions of others and sometimes even stigmatization of some of the behavior as irrational or unreasonable [Daston, Gigerenzer 1989, ss. 1094-1095. ...

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