Likang Xu's research while affiliated with Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and other places

... In contrast, compared with high rates of methadone treatment, buprenorphine was considerably underutilized in this cohort of predominantly non-Hispanic Black women, and racial/ethnic disparities in buprenorphine access have been observed in prior studies [25][26][27]. Disproportionately low buprenorphine use compared with methadone use has been shown in other studies, with one study reporting 27% past-year treatment with methadone versus fewer than 5% reporting buprenorphine among persons who inject drugs [28,29]. This may be because buprenorphine was only approved for OUD treatment in 2002. ...

... Remaining pathologies identified on CT or clinically diagnosed were subarachnoid hemorrhage, intracerebral hematoma (ICH), brain edema, concussion, diffuse axonal injury (DAI), and intraventricular hemorrhage. These had incidences of 17, 10,9,8,4, and 1, respectively. ...

... 5,6 Furthermore, the societal impacts of SUDs are substantial, with annual SUD-related health care costs exceeding $13 billion, and annual total costs estimated to exceed $700 billion in the USA. 7,8 Given the wide range of negative outcomes related to SUDs, access to and engagement in effective treatment is critical. ...

... While patients are generally not expected to die or incur severe disability after mild TBI (2% and 1-2% at 6 months post-injury, respectively), recent data suggest that 56% have not recovered to their functional baseline and 29% are unable to resume their prior level of employment [6,7]. Consequently, losses of livelihood and productivity for patients, their families, and society after TBI are immense [8][9][10]. ...

... Parous women reported slightly more severe back pain compared to women who had not given birth (NRS 7 [5][6][7][8] vs 6 [5][6][7] out of 10, p = 0.002, Fig. 2). Race (p < 0.001), ethnicity (p = 0.004), and family income were individually associated with back pain severity. ...

... 1 They can result in substantial delays in returning to work after injury, time off work and productivity loss. [2][3][4] For example, among working-age adults, only 67% of adults had made a return to work (RTW) 12 months after being admitted to hospital in England following an unintentional injury. 2 Productivity loss resulting from decreased on-the-job productivity or employee absence 5 6 has substantial societal, 5 employer 3 and individual 4 costs. A recent systematic review of the socioeconomic impact of orthopaedic trauma found most studies report productivity loss in relation to absenteeism, reduced hours of work or financial losses after injury. ...

... Aggregated medical costs (e.g., combined intents by mechanism or combined mechanisms by place of death) from reference sources were assigned when specific estimates by intent or mechanism were not available. The average medical cost among 2019 injury deaths was approximately $15,400 † † ; however, many injury deaths had lower costs because the deaths occurred outside a health care setting (2). The cost of injury mortality includes value of statistical life, a monetary estimate of the collective value that persons place on mortality risk reduction as derived in research studies through revealed preferences (e.g., observed wage differences for dangerous occupations) or stated preferences from surveys of persons' willingness to pay for mortality risk reduction (3). ...

... Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) are a significant public health issue in both developed and developing countries (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9) accounting for about 41% of overall Years of Life Lost (YLL) (10), with an estimated annual incidence of TBI globally about 27 to 69 million (11,12). A surveillance study of TBIrelated deaths in the US indicated that TBI remains the chief cause of death and disability in young people (13). Another study (14) found an increasing incidence rate of TBIs among people aged 65 years and older in high-income countries as a result of an unintentional fall. ...

... Stroke is not the only example. Other examples with similar trends include dementia incidence by racial and ethnic group, 45 migraine incidence by household income, 46 and increased traumatic brain injury prevalence in populations of Indigenous people, 47 people who are homeless, 48 and people who are incarcerated. 49 Harmful alcohol use is another example of a major driver of neurological health inequalities powered by commercial determinants of health (alongside tobacco and diet), heavily patterned by socioeconomic status across both high-income countries and LMICs, 50 the effects of alcohol on neurological health include traumatic brain injury, alcohol-related brain damage (eg, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome), and foetal alcohol syndrome disorders (which are more frequent in Indigenous people, people who are incarcerated, and children in care). ...

... Almost 500,000 Americans died from an opioid-related overdose between 1999 and 2019 [1]. Although rates of opioid-related U.S. hospital discharges including detoxification services decreased from 31.6 to 27.4 per 100,000 in the general population between 1993 and 2016 [2], among individuals who received treatments for opioid use disorder (OUD) in the prior 12 months, the use of inpatient addiction treatment increased from 38% to 52% from 2004 to 2013 [3]. Rarely an inpatient detoxification admission results in a complete navigation of the inpatient treatment system [4]. ...