Lida Inés Carhuas-Peña’s research while affiliated with Universidad Hipócrates and other places

Background The Ichu River serves as the primary water source for urban and agricultural use and industrial operations, but anthropogenic pollution has a serious negative impact on its water quality. Methods The investigation measured water quality and health-related risks by analyzing physicochemical parameters, heavy metals, and microbial pollutants at eight sampling points, site 1 (S1) through (S8). Results The research data showed that water quality worsened progressively from upstream to downstream locations such as turbidity, TDS, conductivity, and BOD levels increased. Oil pollution and oxygen depletion arose from a reduction in dissolved oxygen from 6.3 to 4.5 mg/L at the different sampling sites (S1 to S8). Heavy metals (As, Pb, Cd, and Cr) in the samples exceeded the standards established by the World Health Organization (WHO) established standards because of mining and industrial wastewater and local wastewater discharge. The presence of excessive Escherichia coli (E. coli) and total coliforms in microbial tests proved that the water was severely contaminated by fecal matter. Principal Component Analysis showed that heavy metals exist with microbial pollution and organic load as the main sources of water quality decline, and pollution indicators were found to establish powerful relationships with depleted oxygen levels. Conclusion The severe contamination risks found in this study justify immediate pollution control measures, wastewater treatment enforcement, and sustainable watershed management practices. Urgent action is necessary because vital parameters surpass the standards set by the WHO and (United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) to avoid enduring environmental damage and health problems. This research demonstrates the value of continuing water quality assessments while enforcing policies and raising public awareness to improve the water quality of the Ichu River.

The study was conducted in Argentina and Peru, and focused on the settings of Nursing daily practice in the administration of safe medication on the axes of Pharmacovigilance and/or Patient Safety. The objective was to determine and compare Pharmacovigilance and Patient Safety as Nursing daily practices in public and private healthcare contexts, in order to identify settings that could lead to errors. This research was quantitative, relational, observational, prospective, cross-sectional, and analytical, with a comparative-relational design. Two validated and reliable instruments were used. Sample size: 230 nurses (Argentina =140, Peru = 90). Results: 81.8% of Huancavelica nurses, 68.6% of Chachapoyas (Peru), 73.7% of Buenos Aires, and 60.8% of Rosario (Argentina), indicated efficient Pharmacovigilance; whereas 71.4% of Chachapoyas nurses, 65.5% of Huancavelica (Peru); 52.6% of Buenos Aires, and 44.1% of Rosario (Argentina) indicated a secured Patient Safety. In both countries, 66% of nurses took the 10 correct steps for administering the medications. Additionally, 82% indicated that the medical prescription was illegible, and 86% expressed that the prescription was filled by the doctor in full. Conclusion: In both countries, Pharmacovigilance is applied efficiently and Patient Safety is secured. A contrast was made with the alternative hypothesis where both variables were interrelated, where: X2 = 16.807, gl = 2, p = 0.000. At the same time, there are significant differences between Argentina and Peru, with a Student’s t = 3.770, gl = 229, p = 0.000.

The study focused on developing a valid and reliable questionnaire to measure adolescents' perception of parental control. The research was conducted with a sample of 535 Peruvian adolescents, aged between 12 and 22 years. This instrument was structured in three dimensions (Behavioral Control, Parental Support, and Control over the Use of Technological Media) and 23 items, which underwent a rigorous validation process, employing techniques such as the Content Validity Index (CVI), Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Analysis (KMO), and Cronbach's Alpha reliability test. Each item obtained a CVI higher than 0.7, and the KMO analysis yielded a result of 0.963, indicating suitability for conducting the CFA. The reliability, assessed using Cronbach's Alpha, was generally 0.947. It is concluded that the Questionnaire revealed to be a valid and reliable tool to evaluate the perception of parental control from the perspective of adolescents.

El presente ensayo es una investigación documental de carácter descriptivo, cuyo objetivo es analizar la importancia de la gnoseología y la epistemología en el proceso de investigación. Es importante destacar que el surgimiento de las ciencias dentro del ámbito de la filosofía ha llevado al uso de terminología similar para diferentes propósitos, como la gnoseología y la epistemología. Etimológicamente, la gnoseología se refiere al "tratado del conocimiento" o "teoría del conocimiento" que aborda los problemas del conocimiento y las relaciones entre sujeto y objeto en un sentido universal y abstracto. Por otro lado, la epistemología se define como el "tratado de la ciencia" que estudia los elementos que contribuyen a la adquisición del conocimiento, investigando sus fundamentos, limitaciones, procedimientos y validez. Además, se ocupa de los principios y métodos de todas las ciencias. En última instancia, la epistemología permite la unificación de la ciencia, la filosofía y las humanidades, lo que permite enfocar cualquier reflexión en un área o disciplina en particular. Palabras clave: Gnoseología; Epistemología; Sujeto; Objeto; Conocimiento; Relaciones; Investigación.

Collection of references about Ethics applied to scientific research