Lewis R. Goldberg’s research while affiliated with Oregon Research Institute and other places

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Publications (94)


Personality Stability and Change over Time
  • Article

November 2020

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73 Reads

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3 Citations

Sarah E. Hampson

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Lewis R. Goldberg

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Personality traits are defined as patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that endure across time. Yet personality changes across the lifespan, and there is less stability in childhood and old age than in adulthood. These two contrasting views, personality stability versus personality change, are reconciled by two forces. As people mature, their personality traits tend to change in a more socially desirable or normative direction. In addition to this developmental trend, people also remain somewhat stable in terms of their standing on a trait relative to others. The influences that produce stability and change include genetics and experience working together in complex ways that are far from being understood.


John M. (Jack) Digman

November 2020

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17 Reads

John M. (Jack) Digman was an influential American personality psychologist who achieved fame in the 1970s through the 1990s with his analyses of child personality structure, thereby helping to develop the present scientific consensus on a five‐factor model, as well as a two‐factor higher‐level structure. In addition, he penned some widely‐cited historical accounts on personality structure. Finally, the rich body of data he obtained about elementary school students from their teachers later led to their location and recruitment as middle‐aged adults, and thus to our present knowledge of personality‐trait stability over a 40‐year period and to the many links between child personality traits and adult health behaviors and outcomes.


Personality Stability and Change over Time

October 2020

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82 Reads

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4 Citations

Personality traits are defined as patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that endure across time. Yet personality changes across the lifespan, and there is less stability in childhood and old age than in adulthood. These two contrasting views, personality stability versus personality change, are reconciled by two forces. As people mature, their personality traits tend to change in a more socially desirable or normative direction. In addition to this developmental trend, people also remain somewhat stable in terms of their standing on a trait relative to others. The influences that produce stability and change include genetics and experience working together in complex ways that are far from being understood.


John M. (Jack) Digman

October 2020

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28 Reads

John M. (Jack) Digman was an influential American personality psychologist who achieved fame in the 1970s through the 1990s with his analyses of child personality structure, thereby helping to develop the present scientific consensus on a five‐factor model, as well as a two‐factor higher‐level structure. In addition, he penned some widely‐cited historical accounts on personality structure. Finally, the rich body of data he obtained about elementary school students from their teachers later led to their location and recruitment as middle‐aged adults, and thus to our present knowledge of personality‐trait stability over a 40‐year period and to the many links between child personality traits and adult health behaviors and outcomes.


Ubiquitous Personality‐Trait Concepts in 13 Diverse and Isolated Languages: A Cluster–Classification Approach

March 2020

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95 Reads

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8 Citations

European Journal of Personality

There is longstanding interest in the generalizability of personality across diverse cultures. To investigate the generalizability of personality concepts, we examined the English translations of individual‐difference entries from the dictionaries of 12 small‐scale societies previously studied for ubiquity of individual differences plus the dictionary of an additional society not previously studied in this manner. These 13 societies are highly diverse in geographical location, culture, and language family; their languages developed in isolation from modern‐world languages. The goal of our exploratory research was to discover ubiquitous personality concepts in these 13 independent societies and their languages, providing a window into personality concepts across a broad range of cultures and languages. This study used clusters of empirically related terms (e.g. brave, courageous, and daring), based on a taxonomy of English‐language personality concepts that consisted of 100 personality‐trait clusters. English‐language definitions of dictionary entries from the 13 languages were matched to the meanings of the synonym clusters. The cluster–classification method uncovered nine ubiquitous personality concepts, plus six that were present in at least 12 of the 13 languages. The nine ubiquitous personality concepts include some not previously identified and suggest a core of possibly universal concepts. © 2020 European Association of Personality Psychology


Study 1: Reliability Estimates for Predictor Variables.
Study 1: Prediction of VIA Facet Scores from Personality Facet Scores.
Study 1: Prediction of Criteria With Each Inventory (Observed Scores).
Study 1: Significant Increments in Fit for True Score Estimates.
Study 2: Reliability Estimates for Predictor Variables.

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Are Measures of Character and Personality Distinct? Evidence From Observed-Score and True-Score Analyses
  • Article
  • Full-text available

January 2020

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1,150 Reads

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70 Citations

Two studies were conducted to investigate redundancy between the character strengths found in the VIA model of character and familiar personality facets. Study 1 used a community sample (N = 606) that completed a measure of character strengths, four personality inventories, and 17 criterion measures. The second study used Mechanical Turk workers (N = 498) who completed measures of the HEXACO and VIA models and 111 criterion variables. Analyses were conducted using both observed scores and true score estimates, evaluating both predictive and conceptual overlap. Eight of 24 VIA scales proved to be largely redundant with one HEXACO personality facet, but only one VIA scale (Appreciation of Beauty) was largely redundant with Five Factor facets. All strength scales except Spirituality overlapped substantially with at least one personality facet. The results suggest the VIA Classification variables are strongly related to commonly measured personality facets, but the two models are not redundant.

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Act-Frequency Signatures of the Big Five

October 2017

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610 Reads

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37 Citations

Personality and Individual Differences

The traditional focus of work on personality and behavior has tended toward “major outcomes” such as health or antisocial behavior, or small sets of behaviors observable over short periods in laboratories or in convenience samples. In a community sample, we examined a wide set (400) of mundane, incidental or “every day” behavioral acts, the frequencies of which were reported over the past year. Using an exploratory methodology similar to genomic approaches (relying on the False Discovery Rate) revealed 26 prototypical acts for Intellect, 24 acts for Extraversion, 13 for Emotional Stability, nine for Conscientiousness, and six for Agreeableness. Many links were consistent with general intuition—for instance, low Conscientiousness with work and procrastination. Some of the most robust associations, however, were for acts too specific for a priori hypothesis. For instance, Extraversion was strongly associated with telling dirty jokes, Intellect with “loung[ing] around [the] house without clothes on”, and Agreeableness with singing in the shower. Frequency categories for these acts changed with markedly non-linearity across Big Five Z-scores. Findings may help ground trait scores in emblematic acts, and enrich understanding of mundane or common behavioral signatures of the Big Five.


The Health Behavior Checklist: Factor structure in community samples and validity of a revised good health practices scale

January 2017

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712 Reads

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34 Citations

This study examined the factor structure and predictive validity of the commonly used multidimensional Health Behavior Checklist. A three-factor structure was found in two community samples that included men and women. The new 16-item Good Health Practices scale and the original Wellness Maintenance scale were the only Health Behavior Checklist scales to be related to cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors. While the other Health Behavior Checklist scales require further validation, the Good Health Practices scale could be used where more objective or longer measures are not feasible.


Figure 1. 
Lifetime Trauma, Personality Traits, and Health: A Pathway to Midlife Health Status

April 2016

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570 Reads

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12 Citations

Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy

Objective: This study investigated whether lifetime experience of trauma is related to personality through instrumental and reactive trait processes, and whether lifetime trauma is a mechanism underlying the association between childhood conscientiousness and objectively assessed adult physical health. Method: Participants (N = 831) were 442 women and 389 men from the Hawaii longitudinal study of personality and health. Teacher assessments of personality were obtained when the participants were in elementary school. Self-reported adult personality assessments, lifetime histories of trauma experience, and objectively assessed physiological dysregulation were obtained between ages 45-55. Results: Women tended to report more high-betrayal trauma than men, whereas men reported more low-betrayal trauma than women. Women who were judged by their teachers to be less agreeable and less conscientious in childhood reported more lifetime trauma, suggesting instrumental trait processes. For both genders, neuroticism and openness/intellect/imagination in adulthood, but not in childhood, were associated with lifetime trauma, suggesting reactive trait processes. For both genders, trauma experience was correlated with dysregulation and with Body Mass Index (BMI). The indirect paths from childhood conscientiousness to adult dysregulation and BMI through total teen and adult trauma were significant for women, but not for men (indirect effect for women's dysregulation = -.025, p = .040, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -.048, -.001; indirect effect for women's BMI = -.037, p = .009, 95% CI = -.067, -.008). Conclusion: Teen and adult trauma experience appears to be a hitherto unidentified mechanism in women underlying the association between conscientiousness and health. (PsycINFO Database Record


A Big Five Approach to Self-Regulation: Personality Traits and Health Trajectories in the Hawaii Longitudinal Study of Personality and Health

July 2015

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184 Reads

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49 Citations

Self-regulatory processes influencing health outcomes may have their origins in childhood personality traits. The Big Five approach to personality was used here to investigate the associations between childhood traits, trait-related regulatory processes and changes in health across middle age. Participants (N = 1176) were members of the Hawaii longitudinal study of personality and health. Teacher assessments of the participants' traits when they were in elementary school were related to trajectories of self-rated health measured on 6 occasions over 14 years in middle age. Five trajectories of self-rated health were identified by latent class growth analysis: Stable Excellent, Stable Very Good, Good, Decreasing and Poor. Childhood Conscientiousness was the only childhood trait to predict membership in the Decreasing class vs. the combined healthy classes (Stable Excellent, Stable Very Good and Good), even after controlling for adult Conscientiousness and the other adult Big Five traits. The Decreasing class had poorer objectively assessed clinical health measured on one occasion in middle age, was less well-educated, and had a history of more lifespan health-damaging behaviors compared to the combined healthy classes. These findings suggest that higher levels of childhood Conscientiousness (i.e. greater self-discipline and goal-directedness) may prevent subsequent health decline decades later through self-regulatory processes involving the acquisition of lifelong healthful behavior patterns and higher educational attainment.


Citations (90)


... The five-factor personality theory provides a comprehensive classification system of personality traits, which was developed by McCrae and Costa (1997). It is one of the most widely researched personality models all over the world and in Türkiye (e.g., Somer & Goldberg, 1999). Its comprehensiveness would allow us to identify and classify the main personality themes perceived in role models more effectively. ...

Reference:

How do emerging adults perceive negative role models in relation to the dimensional approach and personality traits? A qualitative study
The Structure of Turkish Trait-Descriptive Adjectives

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

... It assesses the Big Five personality dimensions, including OPE, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, AGR, and Neuroticism, on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 = very inaccurate to 5 = very accurate. The Big Five personality factors are considered cross-culturally representative and have shown satisfactory reliability and validity in previous studies (Costa & McCrae, 1992;Goldberg & Saucier, 1995). As demonstrated in von Stumm et al.'s (2011) study, individuals with high scores in OPE were likely to exhibit greater creative ability and generate more creative ideas. ...

So What Do You Propose We Use Instead? A Reply to Block

Psychological Bulletin

... In this study, we examine how the personality traits of each partner affect dyadic speech coordination across different types of conversations, and how the partners appraise these interactions. We focus on Extraversion and Agreeableness, two core dimensions of social behavior (Goldberg et al., 1998;Koole et al., 2001;McCrae & Costa, 2008), whereas the remaining three traits of the Five-Factor Model-Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Openness-are more relevant to specific domains such as work, emotional regulation, and intellectual pursuits (Cuperman & Ickes, 2009;Larsen et al., 2025;Peabody & Goldberg, 1989). ...

Some Determinants of Factor Structures From Personality-Trait Descriptors

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

... It includes an incentive theory, with the basic principle that people are motivated to protect their existing resources and obtain new ones (Hobfoll, 1989;Halbesleben et al., 2014). We define thriving at work as a psychological state, a temporary internal attribute rather than a more enduring personality trait (Chaplin et al., 1988). In this sense, thriving at work can be seen as a H1: Meaningful work has a significant positive impact on employability. ...

Conceptions of States and Traits: Dimensional Attributes With Ideals as Prototypes

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

... The immaturity of personality development and underlying cultural differences provide possible explanations for this inconsistency. Firstly, from the perspective of personality development, which is a lifelong process akin to physical growth, unfolding through stages of development, relative stability, and change from youth, through adulthood, and into old age (Hampson & Goldberg, 2020;Specht et al., 2014). In other words, adults have gradually developed relatively stable personality traits, which could elucidate individual variations in life satisfaction. ...

Personality Stability and Change over Time
  • Citing Article
  • November 2020

... The classical trait perspective posits that personality traits in adulthood are biologically based temperaments that remain stable over time and are not in uenced by environmental factors (McCrae et al., 2000). However, more recent research suggests that personality traits can change over time (Hampson & Goldberg, 2020), particularly maladaptive traits (Bleidorn et al., 2022), and that such changes can occur in response to different types of interventions (Roberts et al., 2017). ...

Personality Stability and Change over Time
  • Citing Article
  • October 2020

... Relatively little insight can be gained from these data about the "frequency" of personality-related topics (whether terms or constructs) in other languages. That said, we feel that the conduct of similar work in other languages (e.g., Livaniene & De Raad, 2017;Wood et al., 2020;Čolović et al., 2020) would be an invaluable step towards the development of an integrated database of terms that could one day be used to develop a truly integrated personality model. In the meantime, it should be recognized as a limitation of this work that it does not provide evidence with respect to all of the many other languages beyond English. ...

Ubiquitous Personality‐Trait Concepts in 13 Diverse and Isolated Languages: A Cluster–Classification Approach
  • Citing Article
  • March 2020

European Journal of Personality

... In comparison, research on character strengths in organizational and educational contexts has seen a "soaring" number of publications, but may be considered less central and integrated with other research topics, according to the present analysis. Finally, the emergence of the measurement/validity cluster, whose keywords consistently appear since 2012 (see Fig. 5), highlights the challenge of measuring strengths and virtues that was not immediately addressed, but that is now emerging as a key issue in the literature (Feraco et al., , 2023Han & McGrath, 2023;McGrath, 2022;McGrath et al., 2020;Miller, 2019;Ruch & Proyer, 2015;. Relatedly, there has been a growing interest in cross-cultural adaptation of the VIA inventories, so to be able to study character strengths in more contexts (according to the VIA Institute on Character, the inventory is currently available in over 30 different languages). ...

Are Measures of Character and Personality Distinct? Evidence From Observed-Score and True-Score Analyses

... We refer to the broad class of such items here as lifespace items (Brackett & Mayer, 2006;Ivcevic & Mayer, 2009;Mayer et al., 1998;Perkey et al., 2018). This class of data is one of the key approaches to personality measurement of the 20 th century (Mayer & Bryan, 2024) and is an umbrella classification that includes biographical data (biodata) (Mael, 1991;Sulastri et al., 2015), act-frequency data (Buss & Craik, 1983;Chapman & Goldberg, 2017;Ivcevic, 2007), and behavior data (Paunonen, 2003). Lifespace data can be contrasted with reports of self-judgments such as "I am a dependable person", in that lifespace items are, in principle, externally verifiable and draw on less subjective information (Buss & Craik, 1983;Ivcevic & Mayer, 2009;Mael, 1991;Soto & John, 2017). ...

Act-Frequency Signatures of the Big Five
  • Citing Article
  • October 2017

Personality and Individual Differences

... Personality disorder-trait specified simply requires one elevated personality trait, in addition to at least moderate impairment in personality functioning in two of the four LPFS areas. This model aligns with the five factor model of personality (see Table 1), which has been researched extensively, affirming its stability, construct validity, reliability, biological foundations, and applicability across many cultures (e.g., Goldberg 1993;McCrae & Terracciano 2005;Roberts et al. 2007). For instance, a markedly low score in five factor model conscientiousness trait (indicative of disinhibition) might manifest as impulsivity and a lack of discipline. ...

The comparative predictive validity of personality traits, SES, and cognitive ability
  • Citing Article
  • January 2007

Perspectives on Psychological Science