Lewis R. Goldberg's research while affiliated with Oregon Research Institute and other places
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Publications (93)
Personality traits are defined as patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that endure across time. Yet personality changes across the lifespan, and there is less stability in childhood and old age than in adulthood. These two contrasting views, personality stability versus personality change, are reconciled by two forces. As people mature, th...
John M. (Jack) Digman was an influential American personality psychologist who achieved fame in the 1970s through the 1990s with his analyses of child personality structure, thereby helping to develop the present scientific consensus on a five‐factor model, as well as a two‐factor higher‐level structure. In addition, he penned some widely‐cited his...
Personality traits are defined as patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that endure across time. Yet personality changes across the lifespan, and there is less stability in childhood and old age than in adulthood. These two contrasting views, personality stability versus personality change, are reconciled by two forces. As people mature, th...
John M. (Jack) Digman was an influential American personality psychologist who achieved fame in the 1970s through the 1990s with his analyses of child personality structure, thereby helping to develop the present scientific consensus on a five‐factor model, as well as a two‐factor higher‐level structure. In addition, he penned some widely‐cited his...
There is longstanding interest in the generalizability of personality across diverse cultures. To investigate the generalizability of personality concepts, we examined the English translations of individual‐difference entries from the dictionaries of 12 small‐scale societies previously studied for ubiquity of individual differences plus the diction...
Two studies were conducted to investigate redundancy between the character strengths found in the VIA model of character and familiar personality facets. Study 1 used a community sample (N = 606) that completed a measure of character strengths, four personality inventories, and 17 criterion measures. The second study used Mechanical Turk workers (N...
The traditional focus of work on personality and behavior has tended toward “major outcomes” such as health or antisocial behavior, or small sets of behaviors observable over short periods in laboratories or in convenience samples. In a community sample, we examined a wide set (400) of mundane, incidental or “every day” behavioral acts, the frequen...
This study examined the factor structure and predictive validity of the commonly used multidimensional Health Behavior Checklist. A three-factor structure was found in two community samples that included men and women. The new 16-item Good Health Practices scale and the original Wellness Maintenance scale were the only Health Behavior Checklist sca...
Objective:
This study investigated whether lifetime experience of trauma is related to personality through instrumental and reactive trait processes, and whether lifetime trauma is a mechanism underlying the association between childhood conscientiousness and objectively assessed adult physical health.
Method:
Participants (N = 831) were 442 wom...
Self-regulatory processes influencing health outcomes may have their origins in childhood personality traits. The Big Five approach to personality was used here to investigate the associations between childhood traits, trait-related regulatory processes and changes in health across middle age. Participants (N = 1176) were members of the Hawaii long...
Objective:
To investigate a life-span health-behavior mechanism relating childhood personality to adult clinical health.
Methods:
Childhood Big Five personality traits at mean age 10, adult Big Five personality traits, adult clinically assessed dysregulation at mean age 51 (a summary of dysregulated blood glucose, blood pressure, and lipids), an...
Rotations of 1–12 factors were compared by Goldberg’s “bass-ackward” method, with or without initially holding constant one or more principal components. Two sets of data were employed: ratings by 320 undergraduates using 435 personality-descriptive adjectives, and 512 Oregon community members’ responses to 184 scales from 8 personality inventories...
Are personality traits mostly related to one another in hierarchical fashion, or as a simple list? Does extracting an additional personality factor in a factor analysis tend to subdivide an existing factor, or does it just add a new one? Goldberg’s “bass-ackwards” method was used to address this question, based on rotations of 1–12 factors. Two set...
We report on the longitudinal stability of personality traits across an average 40 years in the Hawaii Personality and Health Cohort relating childhood teacher assessments of personality to adult self- and observer- reports. Stabilities based on self-ratings in adulthood were compared to those measured by the Structured Interview for the Five-Facto...
Objective:
Many life span personality-and-health models assume that childhood personality traits result in life-course pathways leading through morbidity to mortality. Although childhood conscientiousness in particular predicts mortality, there are few prospective studies that have investigated the associations between childhood personality and ob...
The present study used a collaborative framework to integrate 2 long-term prospective studies: the Terman Life Cycle Study and the Hawaii Personality and Health Longitudinal Study. Within a 5-factor personality-trait framework, teacher assessments of child personality were rationally and empirically aligned to establish similar factor structures ac...
There is overwhelming anecdotal and empirical evidence for individual differences in musical preferences. However, little is known about what drives those preferences. Are people drawn to particular musical genres (e.g., rap, jazz) or to certain musical properties (e.g., lively, loud)? Recent findings suggest that musical preferences can be concept...
We make a series recommendations for focusing research on personality test faking. Overall we suggest that a focus on the response process test takers go through will accelerate our understanding of faking behavior. We argue that the decision making process for faking must be simple and dependent on a modest set of decision rules or heuristics. The...
We examined 3 questions surrounding the undercontrolled, overcontrolled, and resilient-or Asendorpf-Robins-Caspi (ARC)-personality types originally identified by Block (1971). In analyses of the teacher personality assessments of over 2,000 children in 1st through 6th grade in 1959-1967 and follow-up data on general and cardiovascular health outcom...
Assessment of personality disorders (PD) has been hindered by reliance on the problematic categorical model embodied in the most recent Diagnostic and Statistical Model of Mental Disorders (DSM), lack of consensus among alternative dimensional models, and inefficient measurement methods. This article describes the rationale for and early results fr...
People spend considerable amounts of time and money listening to music, watching TV and movies, and reading books and magazines, yet almost no attention in psychology has been devoted to understanding individual differences in preferences for such entertainment. The present research was designed to examine the structure and correlates of entertainm...
Music is a cross-cultural universal, a ubiquitous activity found in every known human culture. Individuals demonstrate manifestly different preferences in music, and yet relatively little is known about the underlying structure of those preferences. Here, we introduce a model of musical preferences based on listeners' affective reactions to excerpt...
There is considerable scientific interest in the psychological correlates of pro-environmental behaviors. Much research has focused on demographic and social-psychological characteristics of individuals who consistently perform such actions. Here, we report the results of 2 studies in which we explored relations between broad personality traits and...
The continuity of personality's association with directly observed behavior is demonstrated across two contexts spanning four decades. During the 1960s, elementary school teachers rated personalities of members of the ethnically diverse Hawaii Personality and Health Cohort (Hampson & Goldberg, 2006). The same individuals were interviewed in a medic...
We investigated the psychometric properties of the Oregon Vocational Interest Scales (ORVIS), a brief public-domain alternative to commercial inventories, in a large community sample and in a college sample. In both samples, we examined the factor structure, scale intercorrelations, and personality correlates of the ORVIS, and in the community samp...
Previous findings suggest that the Big-Five factor structure is not guaranteed in samples with lower educational levels. The present study investigates the Big-Five factor structure in two large samples representative of the German adult population. In both samples, the Big-Five factor structure emerged only in a blurry way at lower educational lev...
This professional autobiography is based on a talk given as the recipient of the 2009 Bruno Klopfer Distinguished Contribution Award. It includes a discussion of 5 of my habits that might be useful as a guide for future awardees including 1. send everything that you write to everyone you know (and ask for their help); 2. don't be afraid to pick up...
In this chapter, the author notes that it is one thing to develop a new measure of some individual difference; it is another to establish its utility as a predictor of important human behaviors. The author shows very explicitly that who you are indeed affects what you do in everyday life. Clearly vocational interest patterns have proven their worth...
Scales that measure the Big Five personality factors are often substantially intercorrelated. These correlations are sometimes interpreted as implying the existence of two higher order factors of personality. The authors show that correlations between measures of broad personality factors do not necessarily imply the existence of higher order facto...
Six measures of physiological dysregulation were derived from 11 clinically assessed biomarkers, and related to health outcomes and health behaviors for the Hawaii Personality and Health cohort (N = 470). Measures summing extreme scores at one tail of the biomarker distributions performed better than ones summing both tails, and continuous measures...
Previous studies have suggested the cross-cultural generalizability of a 5-factor structure for personality traits. In this article, we analyzed the utility of 2 versions (100-item and 50-item) of the IPIP Big-Five factor markers in both heterosexual (N = 633) and homosexual (N = 437) samples in China. Factor analysis within versions showed that bo...
The psychometric properties of the newest version of the Temperament and Character Inventory (the TCI-R) were evaluated in a large (n = 727) community sample, as was the TCI-140, a short inventory derivative. Facets-to-scale confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses of the TCI-R did not support the organization of temperament and character facet...
In this reply the authors address comments by C. R. Cloninger (2008) related to their report (R. F. Farmer & L. R. Goldberg, 2008) on the psychometric properties of the revised Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI-R) and a short inventory derivative, the TCI-140. Even though Cloninger's psychobiological model has undergone substantial theoretic...
The 'erratum and addendum' by Anderson and Ones (2008) does not state unambiguously that participants' Hogan Personality Inventory (HPI) scale scores were incorrectly matched with their scores on the other inventories' scales, nor does it mention the existence of other errors in the scoring of the Occupational Personality Questionnaire (OPQ) and Bu...
The ability of personality traits to predict important life outcomes has traditionally been questioned because of the putative small effects of personality. In this article, we compare the predictive validity of personality traits with that of socioeconomic status (SES) and cognitive ability to test the relative contribution of personality traits t...
In science, multiple measures of the same constructs can be useful, but they are unlikely to all be equally valid indicators. In psychological assessment, the many popular personality inventories available in the marketplace also may be useful, but their comparative validity has long remained unassessed. This is the first comprehensive comparison o...
Recently, Lee and Ashton (2004) described the HEXACO Personality Inventory (HEXACO-PI), a new instrument designed to assess the six dimensions observed in lexical studies of personality structure of various languages. Here, we describe the development of an alternative measure of the HEXACO factors and their facets, using the items of the Internati...
In this article, we describe the factor structure in both self-reports and peer ratings of the items in a cross-cultural Big-Five inventory in Croatia. Using 2 versions of an inventory developed from the International Personality Item Pool (IPIP; Goldberg, 19995.
Goldberg , L. R. 1999. “A broad-bandwith, public-domain, personality inventory measur...
The purpose of this study was to test a life span health behavior model in which educational attainment and health behaviors (eating habits, smoking, and physical activity) were hypothesized as mechanisms to account for relations between teacher ratings of childhood personality traits and self-reported health status at midlife.
The model was tested...
This report provides some initial findings from an investigation of the relations between childhood Big Five personality traits assessed by elementary school teachers and similar traits assessed 40 years later by self-reports at midlife (N = 799). Short-term (1-3 years) test-retest reliabilities were lower (.22-.53) in childhood when personality wa...
We review progress on an important scientific issue--how attributes of personality and character can best be organized and structured. We explain the rationale for studies of the language of personality, and then review the most salient findings from lexical studies of person-descriptors in 16 languages. Using a wide range of criteria for the value...
A simple method is presented for examining the hierarchical structure of a set of variables, based on factor scores from rotated solutions involving one to many factors. The correlations among orthogonal factor scores from adjoining levels can be viewed as path coefficients in a hierarchical structure. The method is easily implemented using any of...
Because it is particularly difficult to evaluate the accuracy of national stereotypes, the Report by A. Terracciano et al. (“National character does not reflect mean personality trait levels in 49 cultures,” 7 Oct. 2005, p. 96) examining the relations between ratings of national character and
A new survey of potentially traumatic events was administered to a large community sample on two occasions, three years apart. In contrast to previous surveys, this one included separate items for events that involve mistreatment by someone close, mistreatment by someone not so close, and non-interpersonal events. For both kinds of interpersonal ev...
Seven experts on personality measurement here discuss the viability of public-domain personality measures, focusing on the International Personality Item Pool (IPIP) as a prototype. Since its inception in 1996, the use of items and scales from the IPIP has increased dramatically. Items from the IPIP have been translated from English into more than...
A life span health-behavior model was investigated in this longitudinal study of personality influences on health. Teachers assessed 963 elementary schoolchildren on traits that formed scales assessing the dimensions of the five-factor (Big Five) model of personality. Smoking, alcohol use, body mass index (BMI), and self-rated health were assessed...
Personality descriptors--3,302 adjectives--were extracted from a dictionary of the modern Greek language. Those terms with the highest frequency were administered to large samples in Greece to test the universality of the Big-Five dimensions of personality in comparison to alternative models. One- and 2-factor structures were the most stable across...
The purpose of this study was to identify the underlying structure of the trait domain of Conscientiousness using scales drawn from 7 major personality inventories. Thirty-six scales conceptually related to Conscientiousness were administered to a large community sample (N= 737); analyses of those scales revealed a hierarchical structure with 6 fac...
[Correction Notice: An erratum for this article was reported in Vol 25(3) of
European Journal of Psychological Assessment (see record
2009-17805-011). On p. 120 the
SD for men’s Agreeableness scores using the revised scales should be 4.8, not 64.8.] A short five-factor personality inventory developed from the International Personality Item Pool...
The structure of the English personality lexicon was investigated using self-ratings (N = 310) on a set of 1,710 personality-trait adjectives. The 5-factor solution resembled the Big Five structure, but included rotational variants of Agreeableness and Emotional Stability similar to those of other languages. In the 6-factor solution an additional f...
The 48 dietary items from three popular eating surveys (the Kristal Food Habits Questionnaire, Block Fiber Screener, and Block Fat Screener) were administered concurrently to a large community sample. To provide evidence of the hierarchical structure of these eating practices, both orthogonal and oblique factor rotations of from one to five factors...
The rationale for lexical studies rests on the assumption that the most meaningful personality attributes tend to become encoded in language as single-word descriptors. We articulate some key premises of the lexical approach and then review a number of studies that have been conducted examining the factor structure of personality descriptors extrac...
The rationale for lexical studies rests on the assumption that the most meaningful personality attributes tend to become encoded in language as single-word descriptors. We articulate some key premises of the lexical approach and then review a number of studies that have been conducted examining the factor structure of personality descriptors extrac...
One of the world's richest collections of teacher descriptions of elementary-school children was obtained by John M. Digman from 1959 to 1967 in schools on two Hawaiian islands. In six phases of data collection, 88 teachers described 2,572 of their students, using one of five different sets of personality variables. The present report provides find...
Teachers' personality assessments of over 2000 children were obtained by John M. Digman between 1959 and 1967 in elementary schools on two Hawaiian islands. In July 1998, we began tracing these former students, who were now adults in the 40- to 50-year-old age range. Over a 2-year period, roughly 75% of the original sample has been located, and ove...
Findings from analyses of self-descriptions by 631 native speakers of Turkish, using 498 familiar Turkish person-descriptive adjectives, are compared to those of Saucier (1997), who analyzed 500 familiar English adjectives. In the total item pools in both studies, variants of the English/German Big-Five factors were recovered, along with a broad...
A revision of the Dissociative Experiences Scale, including 3 new items and a more user-friendly item format, was administered to an adult community sample. Both orthogonal and oblique factor rotations of from 1 to 5 factors provide evidence of the hierarchical structure of self-reported dissociative experiences. Reliabilities are presented for a l...
This description of the Turkish lexical project reports some initial findings on the structure of Turkish personality-related variables. In addition, it provides evidence on the effects of target evaluative homogeneity vs. heterogeneity (e.g., samples of well-liked target individuals vs. samples of both liked and disliked targets) on the resulting...
This description of the Turkish lexical project reports some initial findings on the structure of Turkish personality-related variables. In addition, it provides evidence on the effects of target evaluative homogeneity vs. heterogeneity (e.g., samples of well-liked target individuals vs. samples of both liked and disliked targets) on the resulting...
Previous investigators have proposed that various kinds of person-descriptive content—such as differences in attitudes or values, in sheer evaluation, in attractiveness, or in height and girth—are not adequately captured by the Big Five Model. We report on a rather exhaustive search for reliable sources of Big Five–independent variation in data fro...
Using a large (N = 3629) sample of individuals selected to be representative of U.S. working adults in the year 2000, we provide the correlations between each of four demographic variables (gender, age, ethnic/racial status, and educational level) and each of the dimensions from two quite different five-variable representations of personality trait...
We compare Big-Five factor structures found in Dutch, American English, and German, and present a joint structure. The data consist of self- and peer ratings of 600 subjects with 551 Dutch trait-descriptive adjectives, 636 subjects with 540 English adjectives, and 802 subjects with 430 German adjectives. On the basis of 126 common items, we assess...
Using a large (N = 3,629) sample of participants selected to be representative of U.S. working adults in the year 2,000, we provide links between the constructs in 2 personality models that have been derived from quite different rationales. We demonstrate the use of a novel procedure for providing orthogonal Big-Five factor scores and use those sco...
Studies of the natural language are a prime source of the Big-Five model, yet the factor analysis of a large, representative, and non-clustered set of English-language personality adjectives in a large sample has not yet been published. In order to test the hypothesis that finding the Big Five depends on biasing the variable selection with an inves...
Unfortunately, Block's brilliant critique is terribly biased, much like a legal brief that presents only one side of the issues at suit. It does not distinguish between the Big Five model of phenotypic personality attributes from alternative models of the causal underpinnings of personality differences. Ironically, it attempts to explain away the e...
Unfortunately, Block's brilliant critique is terribly biased, much like a legal brief that presents only one side of the issues at suit. It does not distinguish between the Big Five model of phenotypic personality attributes from alternative models of the causal underpinnings of personality differences. Ironically, it attempts to explain away the e...
The controversy concerning the two dominant interpretations of Factor V reflects a confusion in the scientific literature between two different five-factor models, each proposed for a different purpose. In the ‘Five-Factor Model’ of genotypic personality dispositions, the fifth factor is interpreted as a broad dimension of Openness to Experience. O...
L. R. Goldberg replies to the comments by R. O. Kroger and L. A. Wood (see record
1994-17497-001), S. Guastello (see record
1994-17488-001), D. R. Comer (see record
1994-17481-001), H. J. Eysenck (see record
1994-17486-001), W. D. Shadel and D. Cervone (see record
1994-17520-001), and H. E. Cattell (see record
1994-17479-001) on Goldberg's (P...
This personal historical article traces the development of the Big-Five factor structure, whose growing acceptance by personality researchers has profoundly influenced the scientific study of individual differences. The roots of this taxonomy lie in the lexical hypothesis and the insights of Sir Francis Galton, the prescience of L. L. Thurstone, th...
To integrate the 5-dimensional simple-structure and circumplex models of personality, the Abridged Big Five Dimensional Circumplex (AB5C) taxonomy of personality traits was developed, consisting of the 10 circumplexes that can be formed by pitting each of the Big Five factors against one another. The model maps facets of the Big Five dimensions as...
To satisfy the need in personality research for factorially univocal measures of each of the 5 domains that subsume most English-language terms for personality traits, new sets of Big-Five factor markers were investigated. In studies of adjective-anchored bipolar rating scales, a transparent format was found to produce factor markers that were more...
A person's behavior and experiences can be described at different levels of abstraction. For example, a person might be described as charitable, as generous, as kind, or as good. Is there a level in such a trait hierarchy that is particularly useful in personality descriptions? The present 4 studies show that there is indeed a general preference fo...
A person's behavior and experiences can be described at different levels of abstraction. For example, a person might be described as charitable , as generous , as kind , or as good . Is there a level in such a trait hierarchy that is particularly useful in personality descriptions? The present 4 studies show that there is indeed a general preferenc...
In the 45 years since Cattell used English trait terms to begin the formulation of his "description of personality," a number of investigators have proposed an alternative structure based on 5 orthogonal factors. The generality of this 5-factor model is here demonstrated across unusually comprehensive sets of trait terms. In the first of 3 studies,...
In the 45 years since Cattell used English trait terms to begin the formulation of his “description of personality,” a number of investigators have proposed an alternative structure based on 5 orthogonal factors. The generality of this 5-factor model is here demonstrated across unusally comprehensive sets of trait terms. In the first 3 studies, 1,4...
Three determinants of the factor structures of personality traits are investigated. The 1st, selection of variables, was controlled by using 57 bipolar scales, selected to be representative of common trait terms. In analyses of 7 data sets, variants of the "Big Five" factors were always found. Factor similarities were very strong for the 3 largest...
Three determinants of the factor structures of personality traits are investigated. The 1st, selection of variables, was controlled by using 57 bipolar scales, selected to be representative of common trait terms. In analyses of 7 data sets, variants of the “Big Five” factors were always found. Factor similarities were very strong for the 3 largest...
Traits and states are concepts that people use to both describe and understand themselves and others. We show that people view these concepts as prototype-based categories that have a graded internal structure and fuzzy boundaries and identify a set of attributes that define the prototypical cores of two categories: traits and states. Prototypical...
Traits and states are concepts that people use to both describe and understand themselves and others. We show that people view these concepts as prototype-based categories that have a graded internal structure and fuzzy boundaries and identify a set of attributes that define the prototypical cores of two categories: traits and states. Prototypical...
Forty-five British adults rated 573 person-descriptive terms on category breadth (defined as the diversity of behavioural referents of a trait) and social desirability. These values are presented here, along with American values where available. The British ratings proved highly reliable, and they correlated substantially with the American values,...
This psychometric study was designed to investigate the hypothesis that people perceive themselves as more variable than others, even when they judge themselves and the other person identically on a trait-rating scale. Using one of two different types of rating formats, subjects described themselves and a person of the same sex and approximate age...
Trait breadth and hierarchical organization are central structural principles in personality theory and research. We assume that personality traits serve as categories of behavioral events, and we define the breadth of traits as the diversity of their behavioral manifestations. We show that trait breadth can be measured reliably both by ratings and...
Subjects described themselves, using an alphabetically ordered list of 191 trait adjectives, which included sets of synonyms and antonyms, half of each type more difficult than the other half. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of two experimental conditions. In one condition, each adjective was listed with its dictionary definition; in the oth...
Subjects described themselves, using an alphabetically ordered list of 191 trait adjectives, which included sets of synonyms and antonyms, half of each type more difficult than the other half. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of two experimental conditions. In one condition, each adjective was listed with its dictionary definition; in the oth...
Bem and Allen (1974) purportedly found evidence that, by using self-report measures of cross-situational consistency as moderator variables, it was possible to substantially increase the size of correlation coefficients computed among measures of each of two personality traits. The present study was undertaken to (a) replicate the Bem and Allen fin...
Citations
... Wiggins (1995) (Yang & Bond, 1990), Turkish (Somer & Goldberg, 1999), Russian (Shmelyov & Phil'ko, 1993), and Hebrew (Almagor, Tellegen & Waller, 1995). ...
... Finally, Conscientiousness reflects the tendency to be responsible, organised, hardworking, goal directed and adherent of rules and norms (Pendleton & Furnham, 2008, p. 173) An important validation of the FFM was provided in the seminal work of McCrae and Costa (1987) with the prevailing view that the FFM model has adequate levels of consensual validity, comprehensiveness, universality and longitudinal stability (Costa & McCrae, 1991). The FFM is also the most widely used validated model of personality traits and is considered fundamental knowledge in the field of psychology (Costa & McCrae, 1992;DeYoung, Quilty, & Peterson, 2007;Goldberg & Saucier, 1995;McCrae & Costa, 2008;McCrae & John, 1992). Personality traits categorised according to the FFM are further viewed as a useful tool in predicting a broad array of social and psychological outcomes (Costa & McCrae, 1992, p. 654). ...
... Studies have explored ensuring a significant relationship between empowerment leadership and employee loyalty and that this relationship is positive (Winder et al., 2019, Arshad et al., 2022). The studies mentioned above indicated that higher empowerment leadership leads to higher employee loyalty (Peabody et al., 1989;Grover & Crooker, 1995;Roehling et al., 2001). A similar study was carried out by Brashear et al. (2006), which found that when leaders support employees in terms of career development, employee loyalty is increased (Roehling et al., 2001); The positive influence of empowerment leadership on employee loyalty is also confirmed by Liden et al. (2008) again. ...
... There are multiple ways to conceive of and measure traits (Fridhandler, 1986). We follow Chaplin et al. (1988) in defining a trait (as opposed to things such as states) along the following dimen sions: duration and stability (how enduring the tendency is), locus of causation (the tendency should be internally and not situationally caused), frequency (how often the tendency manifests itself), and situational scope (the number of different situations the tendency occurs in). Our initial conceptualization of HCAAP traits was reflective. ...
... These changes were similar to the mean-level changes, that is, they were mostly decreases in neuroticism and conscientiousness and increases in agreeableness. The changes in neuroticism and agreeableness were lower than but consistent with those reported by studies in developmental psychology (Borghuis et al., 2017;Costa et al., 2019;Damian et al., 2019;Hampson & Goldberg, 2020). This was not the case for the decrease in conscientiousness. ...
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... Finally, we also manually coded adjectives from the Sumerian, Old Babylonian and Standard Babylonian version of the epic according to a synonym cluster approach (Wood et al., 2020). Three coders separately coded each adjective into one of 100 personality synonym clusters developed by Goldberg (1990). ...
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... The correlation with agreeableness is sufficiently large to raise the question of whether the two concepts are redundant. McGrath et al. (2020) reviewed multiple sources of evidence on the issue of the point at which overlap is indicative of strong relationship versus redundancy. Their conclusion was that redundancy is likely for correlations above .60, ...
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... A crucial finding from the present study is that prolonged exposure to psychological distress may precede changes in an individual's personality traits. Personality traits are important predictors of important life outcomes such as well-being (Anglim et al., 2020) and lifestyle choices (Chapman & Goldberg, 2017). ...
... Personality and cognitive abilities are principal classes of individual differences, and both encompass important predictors of a range of life outcomes (e.g., in the domains of health, educational and occupational success, and interpersonal relations; Stanek & Ones, 2023;Roberts et al., 2007). Hence, for over 100 years, researchers have been interested in the connections between personality and cognitive abilities. ...
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... However, other research on youth offending emphasizes the importance of stable traits beyond low self-control, including personality factors (e.g., Jones et al., 2011;Miller et al., 2008;Miller & Lynam, 2001;Ousey & Wilcox, 2007;Vaughn et al., 2007;Wilcox et al., 2014). A substantial number of such previous studies examined personality factors known as the Big Five which measures the following traits: (1) extraversion, (2) neuroticism, (3) agreeableness, (4) conscientiousness, and (5) openness (Goldberg, 2004;McCrae & Costa, 1996;McCrae & John, 1992;Soto et al., 2011). ...