Leon Festinger's scientific contributions
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Publications (39)
Will the emotional disturbances of operators have more effect during a changeover than when things are stereotyped? A number of assembly line situations, involving small numbers of workers, were studied. "In there experiments, involving four independent comparisons, we find precisely the same pattern of results. Emotional disturbance has little eff...
We have all experienced the futility of trying to change a strong conviction, especially if the convinced person has some investment in his belief. We are familiar with the variety of ingenious defenses with which people protect their convictions, managing to keep them unscathed through the most devastating attacks. But man's resourcefulness goes b...
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This chapter describes the immediate and long-term effects of the series of disconfirmations on each member of the Lake City group of believers. The need to believe in extraterrestrial predictions and the search for confirmation of such predictions by this group is explored. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
For Marian Keech and the group around her in Lake City there was not just one disconfirmation but a series of them occurring over several days. A great flood was due to engulf the city at dawn on December 21, but the believers thought that they would be rescued before the cataclysm took place. The first disconfirmation occurred on December 17, and...
A reprint of the original published in 1956. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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In a situation where 2 persons must combine their efforts against a third in order to gain points, it is postulated that the importance of the task and the extent to which each person is seen as a peer or non-peer are crucial determinants of who will form coalitions. An experimental test of these notions was carried out with one member of each trio...
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Major conclusions drawn from experimental work with small face-to-face groups are summarized. The authors report an experimental study in which (1) amount of pressure toward uniformity, and (2) degree to which members perceived the group as homogeneously composed was manipulated. It was found that "when there is a range of opinion in the group, com...
Book review of Social Pressures in Informal Groups, by L. S. Festinger, S. Schacter, & K. Back, (see record 1951-02994-000). This volume presents results of "a study of human factors in housing" from the Research Center for Group Dynamics, University of Michigan. Part I reports in nine chapters the research study of a housing community for married...
Attitudes of residents and nonresidents of a housing project tended to consider those living in the project as "low class". By a program of community activities including both groups, an effort was made to change the undesirable attitudes. Results indicated that the attitudes were improved only for those individuals who had been initially favorably...
Methodology of studying rumor transmission must determine changes in rumors at various points in transmission and attain accurate reports of all communications taking place. Post-rumor interviews and participant observation are discussed. The first of these yields limited data and is subject to error. The latter offers more promise although it has...
This book compiles findings from the Research Center for Group Dynamics at the University of Michigan. The members of this group conducted a program of research, including two field studies and a number of laboratory experiments, in the area of social communication. This compilation presents the reports of the laboratory studies together with a the...
Traducción de: Research Methodsin the Behavioral Scicences
There are 5 conditions under which we would expect to observe increased fervor following the disconfirmation of a belief: (1) A belief must be held with deep conviction and it must have some relevance to action, that is, to what the believer does or how he behaves; (2) The person holding the belief must have committed himself to it; that is, for th...
Traducción de: Research Methods in the behavioral sciences Incluye biblioígrafía
Citations
... When Leo Festinger published A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance in 1957, he founded a significant line of social psychological research and a mainstream exploration of the many ways in which individuals can deny, ignore, and recreate the facts of their reality (Harmon-Jones & Mills, 2019). Festinger's classic example describes a chronic smoker learning of the associated negative health consequences of smoking (Festinger, 1957). The feeling of dissonance created between this new knowledge and the continued smoking behavior could be reduced either by quitting or else by reappraising the cognition surrounding negative health impacts-that is, by denying or downplaying the science on the negative health effects of smoking (Festinger, 1957). ...
... During the Second World War, Allport andPostman (1945, 1947) aimed to develop a scientific method to rigorously examine the transmission of rumours within a laboratory setting. However, the methodological complexity of studying rumour transmission within such a setting was emphasised immediately (Back et al., 1952). Allport andPostman (1945, 1947) based the development of their serial reproduction paradigm on Bartlett's (1932) research and the construction of their experimental material on Knapp's (1944) previous fieldwork on wartime rumours. ...
... Folglich ist das Aktivwerden in einem Die Tendenz, Dinge, welche als "kreativ" bezeichnet werden, als schön und Dinge, welche als "schön" bezeichnet werden, als kreativ zu betrachten und alles Kreative als gut einzuschätzen, wirft besondere Probleme im Bereich Kreativität und Verbrechen auf. Es ist schwierig für Menschen, dasselbe Objekt, dieselbe Aktion, denselben Prozess oder dieselben persönlichen Merkmale als gleichzeitig schön (kreativ) und hässlich (kriminell) zu definieren, weil das Festhalten an sich widersprechenden Urteilen "kognitive Dissonanz" [engl.: cognitive dissonance] verursacht (Festinger et al. 1956). Kognitive Dissonanz entsteht dann, wenn ein Mensch gleichzeitig über sich widersprechenden "Informationen" (Wahrnehmungen, Gedanken, Meinungen, Einstellungen, Wünsche oder Absichten) verfügt. ...
Reference: Die dunkle Seite der Kreativität
... --Ce mutisme des revues de psychologie à propos de When Prophecy Fails est d'autant plus frappant que les revues d'anthropologie, de sociologie et de sciences religieuses en ont donné des compte rendus très favorables, saluant le livre comme une contribution importante à la connaissance de mouvements mal connus.27 AlbertPepitone (1957). Le jeune homme a été admis au MIT à l'automne 1946, car il souhaitait être formé par Lewin, dont on sait qu'il est mort très vite après. ...
Reference: Lire L'Échec d'une prophétie
... Kajian deskriptif dijalankan bagi mengenal pasti profil personaliti dalam kalangan pensyarah. Kajian deskriptif merupakan kaedah yang sesuai dilakukan dengan menggunakan kaedah tinjauan kerana konsep-konsep dapat dihuraikan dengan menggunakan soal selidik atau temu bual, dapat membuat perbandingan frekuensi serta boleh memberi gambaran semasa sesuatu fenomena yang berlaku berkaitan dengan perasaan, pemikiran dan tingkah laku manusia (Stangor, 2011;Chua, 2011). Kajian deskriptif biasanya dipersembahkan dalam bentuk analisis statistik yang memberi gambaran berhubung taburan data (Bhasah, 2007). ...
... Case studies are heterogeneous in their conceptualization and application. However, they share a focus on using ecologically valid qualitative techniques, including observations, participation, and forms of interview to explain, examine, or describe how people engage in their sociocultural world-in relation to a specific phenomenonover time (e.g., Festinger et al., 1950;Jodelet, 1991;Sherif et al., 1961). ...
Reference: Social Psychology of and for World-Making
... The purpose of the research design was to operationalize the conceptual plan (Kumar, 2014) in order to make the research fruitful (Thamilasaran, 2015), and lead toward the attainment of research objectives (Aaker et al., 2000). ...
... To validate the theoretical postulates established in our problem, the data of the study were collected from a questionnaire. This instrument is considered by Festinger et al. (1974) as the most appropriate and often the most fruitful for collecting the attitudes, opinions and perceptions of individuals. In addition, the questionnaire has the advantage of introducing into the study the fundamental quantitative aspects, and the operations of passing and counting of answers are simple, fast, and inexpensive. ...
... Quantitative methodology uses the questionnaire method whereas qualitative methodology is based on a field study. According to Festinger and Katz (1953), the difference in both methodologies is in the evaluation where the questionnaire method is broader whereas the field study method is more complete. Thus, the use of both methodologies will provide a complete explanation of the phenomenon. ...
... Balancing this task could also cause complexity, which may lead to high tension (Das and Teng, 2000). According to the theory of cognitive dissonance and related research (e.g., Brehm and Festinger, 1957;Harmon-Jones and Mills, 1999), this paper defines cognitive dissonance as a psychological state encompassing the feeling of cognitive discomfort experienced by managers when dealing with multiple contradictory demands. ...
