Lena Edlund's research while affiliated with Columbia University and other places
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Publications (57)
Suburbanization—thriving suburbs surrounding increasingly impoverished inner cities—dominated the US postwar urban landscape. However, already in the 1980s there were signs of urban rejuvenation, and the decades since have seen gentrification replace urban decay. In this paper, we argue that this trend reversal stems from the rise in hours worked b...
As Generation X’s (born in the 1960s and 1970s) child bearing years draw to a close, its parenting practices are due for assessment, the topic of the book under review. The book organizes its discussion around Diana Baumrind’s three parenting styles: authoritarian, permissive, and authoritative. It chronicles the drift toward the two latter and arg...
According to classical Muslim marriage law, a woman needs her guardian's (viz. father's) consent to marry. However, the resulting marriage payment, the mahr, is hers. This split bill may lie behind the high rates of consanguineous marriage in the Muslim world, where country estimates range from 20 to 60 percent. Cousin marriage can stem from a form...
Nausea during pregnancy, with or without vomiting, is a common early indication of pregnancy in humans. The severe form, hyperemesis gravidarum (HG), can be fatal. The aetiology of HG is unknown. We propose that HG may be a proximate mechanism for the Trivers-Willard (T-W) evolutionary hypothesis that mothers in poor condition should favor daughter...
The contraceptive Pill was FDA approved in 1960. However, it would be another decade before young unmarried women had full access. In the meantime, marriage constituted a way to the Pill. The later 1960s/early 1970s also saw a convergence on 18 as the minimum age of marriage, many states lowering it from 21. Exploiting these law changes, we find th...
The expansion of legal rights to same-sex couples is afoot in a number of Western countries. The effects of this rollout are not only important in their own right but can also provide a window on the institution of marriage and the rights bundled therein. In this article, using Swedish longitudinal register data covering 1994-2007, we study the imp...
In 1987, 4 per cent of girls were adopted within China. Why? Unlike infanticide, abandonment rids parents of daughters while preserving the supply of potential brides. In fact, an erstwhile tradition common in Fujian and Jiangxi provinces had parents of sons adopting an infant girl to serve as a future daughter-in-law and household help. Analysing...
Sex ratios (males to females) rose markedly in China in the last two decades, and crime rates nearly doubled. This paper examines whether the two are causally linked. High sex ratios imply fewer married men, and marriage has been conjectured to be a socializing force. Our paper exploits the quasi-natural experiment generated by the Chinese one-chil...
Abstract This paper presents a theory of formal marriage based on its role in assigning paternity and custodial rights. Family law provides the key ingredients: (i) an unmarried mother is by default a child’s sole known parent and its only custodian; (ii) a married mother shares custody with her husband,and presumed father; (iii) custody allocation...
Preference for sons over daughters, evident in China's and South Asia's male sex ratios, is commonly rationalized by poverty and the need for old-age support. In this article we study South and East Asian immigrants to Canada, a group for whom the economic imperative to select sons is largely absent. Analyzing the 2001 and 2006 censuses, 20 percent...
Sex ratios at birth in South Korea reached 116.5 boys per 100 girls in 1990, but have since declined. In 2007, sex ratios were almost normal, a development heralded as a sign that son preference and sex choice have vanished. However, normal sex ratios imply neither. We show that over the last 60 years, the relationship between sex ratios and parent...
We document the emergence of a political gender gap over the last three decades in nine Western European countries, wherein rel-ative to men a higher proportion of women favor the political left. We show that the rise in non-marriage, both as measured by individ-ual demographics and aggregate non-marriage, in particular, divorce and out-of-wedlock...
The goal of this paper is to improve our understanding of educational decisions in two dimensions: First, we investigate what are important determinants of schooling decisions and whether they differ for male and female youths. In particular, we are interested in the role of expectations about monetary returns to schooling, perceived risks of earni...
Goldin and Katz [2002], in an influential paper, argued that the availability of the contraceptive Pill to unmarried minors was instrumental for women's professional advancements, by allowing marriage to be postponed, they argued. However, with low cost and effective birth control, it is not clear why early marriage would interfere with the pursuit...
The goal of this paper is to improve our understanding of educational decisions in two dimensions: First, we investigate if determinants of schooling differ between male and female youths. In particular, we are interested in the role of expectations about monetary returns to schooling, perceived risks of earnings and unemployment for different scho...
This chapter provides persuasive evidence and examines the Chinese famine of 1959–1961 in relation to the “Great Leap Forward.” This famine was a natural experiment which is independent of education, labor market, and other such phenomena that might otherwise be confounding issues (i.e., it is plausibly exogenous). The chapter finds that those in g...
Motivated by high and rising sex ratios in countries such as India and China, we formulate a theoretical framework for analyzing the impact of economic development on parental sex choice when sons are culturally prized and children provide old age support. Two key assumptions drive our model. First, the cultural valuation of children vary not only...
Sex ratios at birth are above the biologically normal level in a number of Asian countries, notably India and China. Standard explanations include poverty and a cultural emphasis on male offspring. We study Asian immigrants to Canada using Census data, focussing on sex ratios across generations and religious groups. We find sex ratios to be normal...
Edlund and Korn [2002] (EK) proposed that prostitutes are well paid and that the wage premium reflects foregone marriage market opportunities. However, studies of street prostitution in the U.S. have revealed only modest wages and considerable risks of disease and violence, casting doubt on EK’s premise of an unexplained wage premium. In this paper...
Using estate tax returns data, we observe that the share of women among the very wealthy in the United States peaked in the late 1960s at nearly one-half and then declined to one-third. We argue that this pattern refects changes in the importance of dynastic wealth, with the share of women proxying for inherited wealth. If so, wealth mobility decre...
Women’s economic emancipation arguably took off in the late 1960s and early 1970s. While ubiquitous, its origins are not well understood. In an influential paper, Goldin and Katz [2002] pointed to the role of unmarried women’s access to the oral contraceptive (the Pill), ushered in by the extension of legal rights to "mature minors" in the late 196...
We document male-biased sex ratios among U.S.-born children of Chinese, Korean, and Asian Indian parents in the 2000 U.S. Census. This male bias is particularly evident for third children: If there was no previous son, sons outnumbered daughters by 50%. By contrast, the sex ratios of eldest and younger children with an older brother were both withi...
Crime is predominantly a local issue. The majority of both violent and nonviolent offenses takes place less than one mile from victims' homes, and most government expenditures on police protection are local (Bureau of Justice Statistics 2004; Census of Governments 2003). In response to crime risk, residents generally have two options: they can vote...
Trivers & Willard (TW) hypothesized that evolution would favour deviations from the population sex ratio in response to parental condition: parents in good condition would have more sons and parents in poor condition would have more daughters. We analyse the universe of US linked births and infant deaths to white mothers 1983-2001, covering 48 mill...
This paper estimates the effects of maternal malnutrition exploiting the 1959-1961 Chinese famine as a natural experiment. In the 1% sample of the 2000 Chinese Census, we find that fetal exposure to acute maternal malnutrition had compromised a range of socioeconomic outcomes, including: literacy, labor market status, wealth and marriage market out...
The extent of and changes in inter-generational mobility of wealth are central to understanding dynamics of wealth inequality but hard to measure. Using estate tax returns data, we observe that the share of women among the very wealthy (top 0.01%) in the United States peaked in the late 1960s, reaching almost 50%. Three decades on, women's share ha...
Epidemiological studies of A-bomb survivors have shown that prenatal irradiation 8-25 weeks post conception affects cognitive development. Ra-dioactive fallout from the Chernobyl reactor meltdown in 1986 travelled widely and provides a natural experiment for evaluating whether fetal exposure to low-level ionizing radiation (estimated below 3 mSv in...
Hermaphroditism is rare and phylogenically in decline among animal species. The evolutionary basis for this development is not well understood. This paper focusses on self-incompatible simultaneous hermaphroditism in animals. It proposes that such hermaphroditism is not stable in sufficiently heterogeneous populations, suggesting a possible reason...
We use prenatal exposure to Chernobyl fallout in Sweden as a natural experiment inducing variation in cognitive ability. Students
born in regions of Sweden with higher fallout performed worse in secondary school, in mathematics in particular. Damage is
accentuated within families (i.e., siblings comparison) and among children born to parents with l...
Existing research applying the Personal Wellbeing Index (PWI) in China is restricted to urban and rural samples. There are no studies for Chinese off-farm migrants. The specific aims of this study are (a) ascertain whether Chinese off-farm are satisfied with their lives; (b) investigate the equivalence of the PWI in terms of its psychometric proper...
If they existed, markets for sex and markets for children would share a common feature: women sell and men demand. No society
allows the trade in children, instead we have marriage. This article discusses biological and legal aspects of reproduction,
and their implications for gender roles and family forms. (JEL: J12, J13)
Why are we not hermaphrodites? This paper argues that while hermaphroditism is an e�cient means by which genes may propagate themselves, inherent tendencies towards polygyny undermine its stabil- ity. Understanding the forces that have established a segregation of sex functions between male and female individuals provides insight into the concept o...
Marrying individuals' consent has been requirement for marriage in Europe since the Middle Ages - in most of the rest of the world parental consent reigned until at least until the 1950s. This paper investigates the role of consent in marriage for intra-household allocation of resources and growth. We argue that a shift from parental to individual...
The rise in dowry payments in India has been taken as evidence that women increasingly are at a disadvantage on the marriage market and must pay for marriage. Moreover, high dowries, it is argued, add to the plight of parents of daughters and have thus contributed to the scarcity of women (brides). However, the logic is curious, and, this paper arg...
Male and female social roles are largely predicated on the fact that male and female reproductive functions are separated in different individuals. This paper asks why gonochorism rather than hermaphroditism, is the rule among vertebrates. We argue that hermaphroditism may be unstable in the face of heterogeneity. Building on the Bateman principle...
Political survey data for nine West European countries show that women have become increasingly left-wing compared to men, and that this trend is positively correlated with the rise of nonmarriage in these countries. This pattern is mirrored in German longitudinal data (GSOEP), where transitions out of marriage make women, but not men, significantl...
Throughout the industrialized world, young women outnumber young men in urban areas. This paper proposes that such a pattern may be linked to higher male incomes in urban areas. The argument is that urban areas offer skilled workers better labor markets. Assuming that there are more skilled males than females, this alone would predict a surplus of...
In this paper, we analyze the effect of gender quotas on women's involvement in political activity by using a rich data set providing information on all Italian local administrators who were elected from 1985 to 2007. Gender quotas were introduced by law in Italy in 1993 and were in force until 1995. Because of the short period covered by the refor...
The last three decades have witnessed the rise of a political gender gap in the United States wherein more women than men favor the Democratic party. We trace this development to the decline in marriage, which we posit has made men richer and women poorer. Data for the United States support this argument. First, there is a strong positive correlati...
The last three decades have witnessed the rise of a pohtical gender gap in the United States wherein more women than men favor
the Democratic party. We trace this development to the decline in marriage, which we posit has made men richer and women poorer.
Data for the United States support this argument. First, there is a strong positive correlatio...
Prostitution is low-skill, labor intensive, female, and well paid. This paper proposes a marriage market explanation to this puzzle. If a prostitute compromises her marriage market prospects, she will have to be compensated for forgone marriage market opportunities. We discuss the link between poverty and prostitution and show that prostitution may...
The last three decades have witnessed the rise of a political gender gap in the United States wherein more women than men favor the Democratic party. We trace this development to the decline in marriage, which we posit has made men richer and women poorer. Data for the United States support this argument. First, there is a strong positive correlati...
This paper argues that love - as opposed to arranged - marriage promotes growth. Men pay for marriage, but who receives and pays the bride-price diers between the two marriage institutions. Typi- cally, under love marriage the groom pays his bride, while under ar- ranged marriage the groom (or his father) pays the bride's father. Clearly, love marr...
Preference for sons over daughters is widespread in many Asian countries, for example, India, China, and South Korea. This paper models endogenous sex choice and shows that unbalanced sex ra- tios are but one of several possible consequences of a preference for sons. In particular, if parents want children who reproduce, nonrandom mating may cause...
In a recent paper Rao (1993) proposed that scarcity of men (marriage squeeze) could drive rising dowries in India. This paper shows, using the same data, that his marriage squeeze variable fails to be significant in replication of the dowry function as well as in alternative specifications. Moreover, the evidence in favor of an inflation interpreta...
Over the last three decades, a significant political gender gap has emerged in Europe wherein more women than men favor the political left. This paper uses data from nine European countries to examine the role of different forms of non-marriage in driving this gap, and the implications of the gap for public family transfers. The paper has two main...
The goal of this paper is to improve our understanding of educational decisions in two dimensions: First, we investigate what are important determinants of schooling decisions and whether they differ for male and female youths. In particular, we are interested in the role of expectations about monetary returns to schooling, perceived risks of earni...
Chinese growth in recent decades is a miracle not only because its rate of growth is higher than most countries in the world but also because the growth takes place in a political setting that is not always known to be favorable to economic development. We argue that a key pro-growth element in the Chinese story is a rising sex ratio imbalance (rel...
Citations
... This resembles concerns about the impact of gentrification on inner city sorting, that is, displacements induced by a gain in attractiveness and economic prospects of a neighbourhood (e.g. Guerrieri et al., 2013;Lees et al., 2013;Edlund et al., 2015;Baum-Snow and Hartley, 2020). ...
... Henrich (2020) used analyses and figures of this paper, highlighted its main findings and prominently cited it in his comprehensive book. 4 The paper builds on studies in development economics that recognised the importance of kinship for economic prosperity (Cox and Fafchamps, 2008;La Ferrara, 2008;Hoff and Sen, 2016;Platteau, 2017;Edlund, 2018;Guirkinger and Platteau, 2020). For example, Platteau (2009; discussed the role of missionary activity on kin networks and development in Africa. ...
Reference: Kin Networks and Institutional Development
... Figure 1 summarizes the time-series and regional variation in real estate prices. The We also find large cross-sectional variation within states and even within metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs), as documented by Edlund, Machado, and Sviatschi (2016) and Bogin, Doerner, and Larson (2019). For example, Figure 2 displays ZIP-level housing price returns for one particular metropolitan area (Atlanta) in 2008: the hardest-hit ZIP codes lost as much as 27%, while other nearby ZIP codes had negligible losses. ...
... First, teleworking affects the spatial structure of the city. In the absence of telecommuting, the city is gentrified -costly commuting means that skilled workers favor proximity to the city center (Edlund et al., 2015). For a small increase in the WFH share, the social structure of the city remains the same, but when the WFH share goes beyond a certain threshold, the skilled find it desirable to reside in the periphery where land is cheaper. ...
... 2 For example, fetal deaths are only reported in the USA if the gestation length exceeds 20 weeks, and reporting also varies by states [MacDorman and Kirmeyer (2007)]. 3 See also Mu and Zhang (2011); Almond et al. (2016); Ahsan and Maharaj (2018). 4 In the US, male fetuses have 7%-9% higher mortality rate than that of female fetuses [MacDorman and Kirmeyer (2007); ]. ...
... This result is confirmed by Bailey et al. (2012) and Ananat and Hungerman (2012) that find evidence of increased human capital investments due to early access to contraception, measured respectively as college enrolment and levels of education. Also, Edlund and Machado (2015) investigate the causal effect of increased access to contraception for minors on female educational outcomes. The authors exploit a change in marriage laws that allowed minors to access the pill and find a sizable and significant positive effect on the female probability of ever attending college, which increased by four percentage points, or 10 per cent. ...
... Individuals in same-sex relationships offer a unique case to test the relative explanatory power of socio-economic and gender models, not least when same-sex can be compared to different-sex couples. Empirical outcomes indicate that being in a same-sex relationship is a more important predictor of an equal division of labor than having similar incomes (Shechory & Ziv 2007;Solomon et al. 2005) and specialization is rare (Aldén et al. 2015). An often quoted rationale is that same-sex couples more strongly adhere to equity norms and are therefore more committed to dividing tasks equally (Ciano-Boyce & Shelley-Sireci 2003;Downing & Goldberg 2011;Kurdek 2007;Patterson 1995). ...
Reference: Gender inequality, households and work
... Thus, young, unmarried men are often considered at the root of much mischief in society, whether it is sexual harassment of women or crime and theft or participation in agitations and protests. Studies in China by Lena Edlund 5 show a doubling of crime over two decades correlated to adverse sex ratios. Dreze and Khera 6 show a correlation between higher homicide rates and adverse sex ratios in India. ...
Reference: Tackling India's Bare Branches
... Empirical evidence shows that inheritances form a significant part of wealth (e.g., Fessler and Schürz, 2018). However, studies on this mostly show that the probability of inheriting does not depend on gender in developed countries (e.g., Edlund and Kopczuk, 2009). ...
... Yet the more common type of "missing children" problem that arises when young children lose contact with their families has drawn much less scrutiny ( O'Connell Davidson, 2011 ;The State Council, 2011 ). While accurate reports are lacking, the number of missing children in China is estimated to range from tens of thousands 1 to hundreds of thousands a year, 2 and many of these children end up being trafficked into illegal adoptions ( Cai and Lavely, 2003 ;Liu et al., 2004 ;Zhang, 2006 ;Chen et al., 2015 ). Poverty has generally been identified as one of the key factors underlying this problem, which has long-lasting social and economic impacts 3 ( Dessy et al., 2005 ;Tamura, 2010 ;Anderson and Ray, 2010 ;Corno and Voena, 2019 ), but the number of missing children in China has remained high despite the country's rapid economic growth in recent decades. ...