Lawrence G. Calhoun's research while affiliated with University of North Carolina at Charlotte and other places
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Publications (159)
Posttraumatic growth is a process and an outcome found in the struggle with highly stressful events. In this process, survivors of trauma recognize important positive personal transformations, yielding five types of changes: a greater appreciation of life, a sense of personal strength, better relationships with others, new possibilities in life, an...
This study examined the relationships between posttraumatic growth (PTG) and posttraumatic depreciation (PTD) across 10 countries and assessed the factorial invariance of the standardized inventory assessing PTG and PTD, the PTGDI-X, the expansion of the PTGI-X (Tedeschi et al., 2017). We also investigated the roles of social and cognitive factors...
Posttraumatic Growth reworks and overhauls the seminal 2006 Handbook of Posttraumatic Growth. It provides a wide range of answers to questions concerning knowledge of posttraumatic growth (PTG) theory, its synthesis and contrast with other theories and models, and its applications in diverse settings. The book starts with an overview of the history...
This study evaluates the effect of a psycho-educational intervention about posttraumatic growth (PTG) among Japanese adolescents. Study 1 examined whether those who learned about changes related to stress would report higher growth than those who did not. Study 2 examined whether those who learned about PTG perceived more growth than those who lear...
Spiritual Change (SC) is one of 5 domains of posttraumatic growth (PTG). The current Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) assesses this area of growth with only 2 items, one focusing on religiosity and the other focusing on spiritual understanding. The addition of 4 newly developed spiritual-existential change (SEC) items, creating an expanded PTG...
Posttraumatic growth is a process and an outcome found in the struggle with highly stressful events. In this process, survivors of trauma recognize important positive personal transformations, yielding five types of changes: a greater appreciation of life, a sense of personal strength, better relationships with others, new possibilities in life, an...
Trauma can be understood as a set of circumstances that not only produces immediate physiological challenges to the systems that help people deal with danger and survive, but also violate people's views of the world and their place in it. The concept of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as moral injury fits within a broader framework of underst...
Chronic pain remains a daunting clinical challenge, affecting 30% of people in the United States and 20% of the global population. People meeting this challenge by achieving wellbeing while living with pain are a virtually untapped source of wisdom about this persistent problem. Employing a concurrent mixed-methods design, we studied 80 people livi...
This chapter reviews the literature that shows that growth occurs in the aftermath of a variety of life crises, and summarizes ways of understanding how this growth occurs. The chapter coined the term posttraumatic growth to describe the experience of positive changes that occur as the result of the struggle with major life crises. The kinds of pos...
Posttraumatic growth (PTG), psychological growth as a result of personal struggle with trauma, is hypothesized to occur when a highly stressful life event, such as a natural disaster, forces people to reexamine their core beliefs. To the authors' knoweldge, the present study is the first investigation in Japanese people examining the role of core b...
Jayawickreme and Blackie provided an interesting look at post-traumatic growth and personality characteristics. Unfortunately, their paper perpetuated some misunderstandings about work in the area and relied heavily on one methodologically problematic study in their critique. The target article failed to reflect the current evidence concerning self...
The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) is the most commonly used measure of positive psychological change that can result from negotiating a traumatic experience. While the PTGI has strong internal reliability, validity studies are still sparse. The present research details trauma survivors' understanding of items comprising the PTGI in order to...
In this chapter, the authors assume that the reader is familiar with the concept of posttraumatic growth (PTG) and they will focus on the application of this concept in clinical work. In earlier discussions of these applications, the authors have made it clear that they are not proposing a new form of treatment, but rather looking for ways to integ...
There is evidence suggesting that the struggle with highly challenging circumstances (e.g., earthquakes, fires, major transportation accidents) can produce significant positive changes for persons coping with trauma. The authors have termed these changes "posttraumatic growth" (PTG). PTG is positive change that an individual experiences as a result...
The Concept of Posttraumatic GrowthThe Process of Posttraumatic GrowthWays Clinicians can Facilitate the Process of Posttraumatic GrowthConclusion
Disruptions to core beliefs, rumination, and finding meaning have been associated with the development of posttraumatic distress (Janoff–Bulman, 1992, 2006). These variables have also contributed to the development of posttraumatic growth, which is the experience of a positive life change as the result of a traumatic experience (Tedeschi & Calhoun,...
An acute leukemia diagnosis can be an extremely stressful experience for most patients. Posttraumatic growth (PTG) is positive psychological change experienced following a struggle with highly challenging life circumstances. The current study is the first longitudinal investigation of predictors of PTG and distress in adult acute leukemia patients...
A Surprise AttackPlan for TreatmentPosttraumatic Clinical Work with JaneWhat This Case Tells UsA Surprise Result
Working with Real People Facing Real Crises: Recommendations for Clinical WorkFuture Research
Culture and PTGSociocultural Influences and PTG: Distal InfluencesThe Model of Posttraumatic GrowthCultural Influences and the PTG Model: Specific ConsiderationsA Clinical Footnote: The Proximate Culture of Psychotherapy
A model of the processes leading to posttraumatic growth and to life satisfaction following exposure to trauma was tested. Two types of repeated thought, deliberate and intrusive, posttraumatic symptoms, posttraumatic growth, and meaning in life, were assessed as predictors of general life satisfaction. Challenges to core beliefs were shown to be r...
Despite a growing body of literature examining posttraumatic growth (PTG; positive change resulting from the struggle with trauma) in adult populations from various cultures, the emerging research base involving youth includes few studies exploring the construct in youth from Eastern cultures. This study examined PTG and perceived growth in the abs...
The relationship of challenge to core beliefs, rumination, disclosure, and some sociocultural elements to posttraumatic growth (PTG) were explored. Participants were college students enrolled in psychology classes who reported having experienced a stressful event within the past 2 years and who completed measures in groups. Findings suggested that...
Cognitive processes in the aftermath of experiencing a major life stressor play an important role in the impact of the event on the person. Intrusive thoughts about the event are likely to be associated with continued distress, while deliberate rumination, aimed at understanding and problem-solving, should be predictive of posttraumatic growth (PTG...
Recent theory and research have drawn attention to the need to better understand the positive changes, termed posttraumatic growth, that often occur in bereaved individuals; even as negative emotions related to grief persist. We describe five dimensions of posttraumatic growth and present a model for understanding how the loss of a close other can...
Positive changes (posttraumatic growth [PTG]) and negative changes (posttraumatic depreciation [PTD]) were assessed using the PTGI-42 with persons reporting changes from a stressful event. PTG and PTD were uncorrelated, and PTG was much greater than PTD. PTG was positively related to disruption of core beliefs and recent deliberate rumination and n...
A meta-analysis was conducted to examine the direction and magnitude of gender differences in self-reported posttraumatic growth. Results from 70 studies (N = 16,076) revealed a small to moderate gender difference (g = .27, 95% CI = .21 −.32), with women reporting more posttraumatic growth than men. Moderator analyses were then conducted to identif...
The view that the struggle with major challenges can lead to significant positive changes is present in ancient myths, is a theme in literature, and is reflected in some of the major world religions. Heroes encounter severe hardships and emerge transformed and better persons, and believers who suffer greatly are sanctified through their martyrdom....
On August 29, 2005, Hurricane Katrina made landfall along the Central Gulf Coast region of the United States. The storm and its aftermath resulted in the most severe, damaging, and costly natural and unnatural disaster in the nation's history—as evidenced by the size of the region affected, the loss of life, the extensive destruction of property, a...
This study examined the effects of disclosure about a highly stressful event and
perceived social reactions to the disclosure on posttraumatic growth (PTG) and
distress. Participants (395 Japanese university students) reported on their most
traumatic life event that had occurred less than 10 years previously. Those who
had disclosed about their eve...
A short form of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI-SF) is described. A sample of 1351 adults who had completed the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) in previous studies provided the basis for item selection. The resulting 10-item form includes two items from each of the five subscales of the original PTGI, selected on the basis of loading...
Posttraumatic growth (PTG; positive change resulting from the struggle with trauma) was examined among children impacted by Hurricane Katrina. The revised Posttraumatic Growth Inventory for Children (PTGI-C-R) assessed PTG at two time points, 12 (T1) and 22 months (T2) posthurricane. The PTGI-C-R demonstrated good reliability. Analyses focused on t...
Stressful events that disrupt the assumptive world can force people to make cognitive changes to accommodate these highly stressful experiences. As fundamental assumptions are reestablished, many people report changes and experiences that reflect posttraumatic growth (PTG). The present research describes the development of the Core Beliefs Inventor...
To examine the role of rumination in the aftermath of traumatic/stressful events, posttraumatic growth (PTG) and the four types of rumination (i.e., intrusive rumination soon after the event, intrusive rumination recently, deliberate rumination soon after the event, and deliberate rumination recently) were assessed retrospectively for participants...
Will people report both posttraumatic growth and depreciation following a highly stressful event? Using the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory as the measure of growth, two studies compared responses to equivalent items designed to assess depreciation. Both types of change were reported, but growth was reported at much higher levels, and there was no c...
This study examined the relationships between rumination, distress and posttraumatic growth (PTG). Seventy-one bereaved Japanese university students completed the PTG Inventory, the Impact of Event Scale-Revised, and a rumination scale. Three models, with variables including intrusive rumination, deliberate rumination, distress, and PTG, were teste...
There are different views about the dimensions of the positive changes resulting from the struggle with traumatic events. Using Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) data reported by participants (N = 926) experiencing a variety of traumatic events, five models of the underlying structure of the PTGI were tested via confirmatory factor analyses to...
Relationships among attachment styles, conflict styles and humour styles were examined in the context of romantic relationships. Each style was assumed to be based upon underlying assumptions about self and others, so relationships among the measures were predicted. A model assuming that the relationship of attachment styles to relationship satisfa...
Responding to D. E. Balk (20042.
Balk , D. E. ( 2004 ). Recovery following bereavement: An examination of the concept . Death Studies , 28 , 361 – 374 . [Taylor & Francis Online], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®]View all references) about use of the term recovery to describe bereavement outcome, the authors take the view that this term is inadequate....
To determine the underlying factor structure of the Japanese version of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI-J), a principal components analysis was performed on data from 312 Japanese undergraduate students who reported growth due to their most traumatic event within the last 5 years. Results showed the PTGI-J has high internal consistency and...
In a response to an article by Hobfoll and colleagues, theoretical and empirical considerations regarding the concept of posttraumatic growth are reviewed. It is noted that posttraumatic growth should be assessed as such, with measures developed specifically to address this construct; that it follows a challenge to and re-examination of core belief...
This study investigated the psychological impact of personal traumatic events in a sample of 30 Judeo-Christian clergy. Use
of religion-based coping strategies following a difficult life event was expected to facilitate posttraumatic growth, and
posttraumatic growth was, in turn, expected to result in greater current well being. Both predictions we...
The negative consequences of intimate partner violence are well documented. This study investigated the possibility that some survivors of intimate partner violence may also experience posttraumatic growth because of their struggle with this highly stressful circumstance. In addition, the relationships between posttraumatic growth and relationship...
Coping with grief can include, in part, trying either to assimilate the loss into the existing worldview and its spiritual and religious components, or changing those components in congruence with the new reality. This spiritual or religious challenge can lead to loss of faith and a loss of spiritual meaning, but it can also provide a struggle that...
This study extends L. G. Calhoun and R. G. Tedeschi's (1998) model of posttraumatic growth (PTG), positive change resulting from the struggle with trauma, to children by exploring the construct among youngsters who experienced Hurricane Floyd and the subsequent flooding. Despite burgeoning interest in PTG, few studies have examined the phenomenon a...
This special issue is devoted to research on posttraumatic growth. Articles vary in their focus but shed light on the understanding of this phenomenon through of a variety of samples, variables related to posttraumatic growth, and methods of study. Topics include a case of chemical poisoning, the impact of trauma on individuals and organizations, c...
Previous investigations of the impact of trauma-related psychotherapy on clinicians have emphasized the hazardous nature of such work. The present study is the first exploration of clinicians’ perceptions of trauma work to investigate in depth the positive consequences of working with trauma survivors. A sample of 21 psychotherapists participated i...
Henriques' effort to develop a unified theory for psychology represents a noble quest (this issue). Even if the quest fails, the effort itself may produce benefits for psychology. This article focuses first on some general comments on the unified theory, with some suggestions about elements that seem desirable in the theory and some elements that m...
This article describes the concept of posttraumatic growth, its conceptual foundations, and supporting empirical evidence. Posttraumatic growth is the experience of positive change that occurs as a result of the struggle with highly challenging life crises. It is manifested in a variety of ways, including an increased appreciation for life in gener...
In response to comments on our model of posttraumatic growth, we consider the validity of reports of posttraumatic growth, appropriate methodology to use to assess posttraumatic growth, and its relation with other variables that appear to bear a resemblance to posttraumatic growth (e.g., well-being and psychological adjustment). The potentially imp...
This article describes the concept of posttraumatic growth. its conceptual founda- tions, a/id supporting empirical evidence. Posttraumatic growth is the experience of positive change that occurs as a result of the struggle with highly challenging life cri- ses. It is manifested in a variety ofways, including an increased appreciationfor life in ge...
Research carried out with survivors of a variety of different traumata indicates that a large proportion of them perceive positive changes in themselves after the trauma. This study investigated whether posttraumatic growth also could be found among people who had been exposed to particularly severe traumata over a period of several years (1991 to...
Having a high sense of humor has been found to be a general social asset, but there has been no assessment of the specific qualities that are assumed to be associated with variations in sense of humor. Two studies were conducted to examine the assumptions observers would make about the personal qualities associated with varying levels of sense of h...
The present study examined the degree to which event related rumination, a quest orientation to religion, and religious involvement is related to posttraumatic growth. Fifty-four young adults, selected based on prescreening for experience of a traumatic event, completed a measure of event related ruminations, the Quest Scale, an index of religious...
This research explored the differences between women who had left abusive dating relationships and those who were still involved on factors derived from the Investment Model variables (Rusbult & Martz, 1995), Feminine Gender Role Stress (FGRS; Gillespie & Eisler, 1992), and attribution of responsibility for a typical violent event. On Investment Mo...
Humor, in the form of a humorous videotape, was presented before or after exposure to an unpleasant videotape designed to arouse negative emotions. The effectiveness of the humor treatment was compared to a nonhumorous treatment to see which mood states and negative emotions were affected by the humor. The results indicate that the humor treatment...
Gender and ethnic differences in the relationship between body esteem and self-esteem were examined to assess the degree to which these variables change in relation to each other over time. Difference scores (between Time 1 and Time 2, 1 week apart) were obtained using the Self-Esteem Scale (M. Rosenberg, 1979) and the Body Esteem Scale (S. L. Fran...
Sense of humor and a humorous external event were evaluated as possible factors affecting individuals' emotional responses to a stressor. Participants' anxiety and affective state were assessed prior to and after observing a stress-arousing segment from a movie. Following this stressor, participants received a treatment which involved viewing eithe...
Formal mentoring programs for new faculty have grown in recent years. Such programs, although having laudable goals, may have unintended undesirable consequences; in this article, we identify several. If individuals who begin careers as faculty members in psychology are deficient in their competence or in the interpersonal skills needed to proactiv...
This article draws implications for clinicians working with survivors of major life crises in four general areas: the relation of psychological well-being, distress, and posttraumatic growth; conceptual issues in this type of clinical work; the process of encouraging growth in clients following traumatic events; and suggestions for additional resea...
This article draws implications for clinicians working with survivors of major life crises in four general areas: the relation of psychological well-being distress, and posttraumatic growth; conceptual issues in this type of clinical work; the process of encouraging growth in clients following traumatic events; and suggestions for additional resear...
The effects of gender of subject, gender of suicide attempter, and physical attractiveness of attempter on justification, emotional adjustment, and liking were investigated in this study. One hundred forty-eight male and female undergraduates (average age = 21.93 years) read a briefcase history describing an individual who attempted suicide one wee...
We investigated psychological distress and the "medical student syndrome" in a group of undergraduate Abnormal Psychology students. Students planning to major in psychology reported more worry about their psychological health than those planning to major in some other field. Also, students who reported a history of psychological treatment were more...
The impact of traumatic events on empirical and metaphysical assumptions was examined, by comparing assumptions of a group of 25 persons who had recently experienced a major stressor with assumptions of a group of 25 persons who had not had such an experience. Each group was composed of 22 women and 3 men, with a mean age of 20 years. Participants...
This investigation was conducted so that a clearer picture of the complex relationship between ethnicity and body satisfaction could be obtained. Although body satisfaction has recently been shown to be influenced by several factors, such as mood, no studies investigating the stability of body satisfaction (to date) have examined whether there are...
The belief that another person shares your appreciation for humor is likely to exert a powerful effect on interpersonal attraction because sense of humor is a highly valued quality in others, and an important personal characteristic. In an attitude similarity-interpersonal attraction laboratory experiment, participants were led to believe an unseen...
The development of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory, an instrument for assessing positive outcomes reported by persons who have experienced traumatic events, is described. This 21-item scale includes factors of New Possibilities, Relating to Others, Personal Strength, Spiritual Change, and Appreciation of Life. Women tend to report more benefits...
We hope that we have presented information in a way that is accessible to clinicians, laypersons, and . . . other people who have experienced trauma. We have also tried to summarize a far-flung literature and describe a way of understanding the process of growth that will encourage more attention from researchers. In addition, we believe that this...
Assessed assumptions individuals make about their own personal worlds or the world in general and analyzed if these assumptions differ for members of a majority or a minority group. 140 undergraduates (71 of whom were members of an ethnic minority group) responded to 1 of 2 forms of the World Assumptions Scale and the Just World Scale. One form was...
This study investigated the experiences of 25 women who described themselves as responding in an emotionally distressed manner to abortion and a comparison group of 25 women reporting more relieving/neutral responses. Current and initial stress response to the abortion, general mental health, and demographic characteristics were assessed quantitati...
Citations
... To provide effective support, counselors need practical knowledge of current theories of bereavement, including the idea that bereaved individuals may feel socially isolated and different in close relationships (Winokuer & Harris, 2012). Children and adolescents, who may experience prolonged grief and unbearable pain for years after the loss of a parent (Tedeschi & Lawrence, 2003), and adolescents dealing with identity formation after a loss of a friend or family member (David, 2011), can benefit from group psychological counseling. ...
![[object Object]](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/272572449292329-1441997744773_Q64/Richard-Tedeschi.jpg)
... BEN-HAYUN and ZYSBERG | 3 2.4 | Crisis, challenge and growth A relatively new body of research and theory, associated with positive psychology, is building up and suggests that alongside the toll of exposure to ha