L.J. Leach’s research while affiliated with University of Pretoria and other places

... It is also of interest to understand how variations in microstructure though thickness due to autotempering or formation of non-martensitic transformation products may influence properties in large section components that may have significant variations in cooling rate through the thickness. There are few studies that systematically study autotempering effects on mechanical properties [3,4], and studies on the behavior of mixed microstructures, particularly of bainite and martensite, have shown both beneficial effects of lower bainite [5,6] in addition to martensite on toughness with little loss of strength and detrimental effects of upper bainite on both impact toughness and strength [6,7]. Two elements that are of particular interest as they are often added in small amounts to enhance properties are Mo and V. ...

Reference:

Importance of through Hardening of Low-Alloy High Performance Martensitic Steels for Large Section Applications