L. W. Turley’s research while affiliated with Springfield Clinic and other places

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Publications (35)


Evoked Set Formation: A Longitudinal Perspective
  • Chapter

December 2015

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138 Reads

L. W. Turley

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Ronald P. LeBlanc

Consumption decisions are made from relatively small groups of products or services known as evoked sets. The formation and usage of evoked sets, however, is currently not well understood by many managers and researchers. This paper presents a longitudinal rather than discrete model of this process and suggests that the evoked set decision-making process occurs in six stages: availability, awareness, evaluation, choice, implementation, and post-purchase evaluation. The authors also explore several research implications of viewing this process as dynamic rather than as a series of independent decisions.



Atmospheric Research: Past, Present and Future Directions

December 2015

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61 Reads

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1 Citation

This is a conceptual paper which examines the progress made over the past 20 years in the exploration of the effects of environmental cues or “atmospherics” on buyer behavior. Herein the authors review the pertinent literature by constructing a comprehensive table of the em-pirical studies in this area, then, comparing and contrasting the various findings associated with these investigations. In addition to discussing current trends in research methodologies, the paper concludes by offering numerous suggestions for future atmospheric-related research.


Contrasting the Differences Between People-Driven and Facility-Driven Service Encounters

December 2015

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16 Reads

This paper suggests a conceptual approach which further expands and delineates the concept of a service encounter. The authors focus on those situations where the customer does not interact primarily with another human being but instead interacts with the service facility or atmosphere. These facility-driven service encounters can have differences from encounters that are primarily people-based. This paper explores the notion of a facility-driven encounter and provides examples of them. Second, the authors discuss a series of propositions about these encounters, highlighting on issues which differentiate facility-driven services from people-based services.


The Multilinguistic Abilities of U.S. Marketing Majors

November 2015

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16 Reads

A number of recent studies have centered on a variety of aspects associated with the importance of foreign language skills in international business. This study used a national sample of 832 marketing majors from 59 colleges and universities to determine their multilinguistic abilities. The results indicate Spanish and French remain the most popular languages when compared to previous studies. Italian, however, has increased in popularity while Japanese has shown marked decreases.



Sponsorships in Sports Marketing: Some Propositions

January 2015

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79 Reads

Sponsorships of sporting events have experienced phenomenal growth in recent years. Yet, very little research attention has been devoted to this widely used promotional tool. We first briefly clarify the phenomenon of sport sponsorship, and then provide propositions concerning areas of interest that researchers may wish to pursue. In doing so, we point out existing gaps in the sports sponsorship literature and present propositions delineating possible foci of future research.


The New Service Development Process: An Assessment

January 2015

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36 Reads

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1 Citation

Although the development of new services has become increasingly more important to the U.S. economy, its importance has not been mirrored in the academic literature. This paper reviews the extant literature associated with new service development. The authors also offer a number of testable hypothesis which should be tested by future researchers in the field.



A Comparison of Advertising Content: Business to Business Versus Consumer Services

May 2013

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257 Reads

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105 Citations

Several studies have investigated differences between goods and services advertisements, but no research has examined differences between business-to-business services advertising and consumer services advertising. The authors use the content analysis method to investigate differences in several message elements in the context of the two types of services advertisements. In their sample of 186 advertisements, 91 ads were for business-to-business services and 95 were for consumer services. The specific message elements evaluated were message appeal, headline usage, price information, quality claims, and the inclusion of an Internet address. The findings indicate significant differences between business-to-business and consumer services advertisements in the types of message appeals used.


Citations (22)


... The three areas of most importance in developing and teaching this course were identified as being "the cultural environment, the competitive environment, and strategic planning" (Andrus, Laughlin, and Norvell 1995). Turley, Shannon, and Miller (1993) found that at that time there had been no research related to international marketing that examined the student's perspectives. The only similar study was by (Yavas andYaprak 1991) who studied the characteristics that would cause a student to choose this area as their major. ...

Reference:

Strengthening the impact and value of international marketing curriculum Outcomes: A comparative study of Turkish and European business students perceptions of coursework and careers
International Marketing: Student Attitudes and Behavior
  • Citing Article
  • March 1993

Marketing Education Review

... Organizational change is a planned or unplanned transformation in an organization's structure, technology, and/or people. Hoffman & Turley [13] define servicescape as a created, human-made environment, the physical environment of services, and other forms of tangible communication [13]. [14] stated that companies that effectively plan the use of their physical facilities are more profitable than companies that do not plan the use of physical facilities effectively because it impacts consumer purchasing decisions [14]. ...

Atmospherics, Service Encounters and Consumer Decision Making: An Integrattve Perspective
  • Citing Article
  • July 2002

The Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice

... Thus, CBC investigations assume respondents to use compensatory heuristics while deciding between choices, and the number of factors displaying products is very limited, as otherwise respondents might be overstrained [50,54]. In contrast, literature found respondents to utilize non-compensatory decision heuristics [55][56][57], in particular when consumers form their individual consideration set [58,59]. Additionally, answering the same question multiple times is experienced as monotonous (which might lead to thoughtless click-throughs), and oftentimes respondents are exposed to stimuli irrelevant to them [60]. ...

Evoked Sets: A Dynamic Process Model
  • Citing Article
  • April 1995

The Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice

... Although the existence of different types of advertising message appeals researchers focus on two main categories: functional/rational appeal or emotional appeal (Campbell, Pitt et al. 2011). Both appeal types are valid for B2C and B2B promotions (Turley andKelley 1997, Swani, Brown et al. 2014), additionally, it could be applied in traditional media like printing and advertising (Lohtia, Johnston et al. 1995) and digital environments (Swani, Milne et al. 2017). Marketing content that uses functional/rational appeal relies on product/service characteristics such as functioning, quality, and other tangible cues (Swani, Brown et al. 2014). ...

A Comparison of Advertising Content: Business to Business Versus Consumer Services
  • Citing Article
  • May 2013

... Atmospheres encompass physical and non-physical variables (e.g., design, smell) that practitioners can manipulate to influence customers (Eroglu and Machleit 1993), attract and retain traffic (Kotler 1973), enhance store quality, and develop a competitive advantage. Turley and Bolton (1999) define atmospheres as practices that recognize the need for carefully sculpted marketing environments to induce consumer behaviors and evaluations while appealing to targeted markets. Atmospheres can involve sensory stimuli, such as music, smell, design, and décor to improve customer experience, differentiate retailers, and boost sales. ...

Measuring the Affective Evaluations of Retail Service Environments
  • Citing Article
  • September 1999

Services Marketing Quarterly

... Research is advocating that business students focus on IM as it will become increasingly important in the future. At present it is believed that students in India are not well prepared in IM ( Turley and Shannon 1999), and there is a perceived gap between industry needs and what is taught in business schools (Lundstrom and White 1997). This is of serious concern. ...

The International Marketing Curriculum: Views from Students
  • Citing Article
  • December 1999

Journal of Marketing Education

... Retailers perform an important function in the business and marketing process and their function is not limited to selling manufacturers' products. As a stand-alone entity, the retail organisation possesses its own image which has the potential to influence consumer patronage and product choice (LeBlanc and Turley, 1994;Neupane, 2015). However, while there happens to be a number of possible descriptions for the consideration-set, the explanation is based on arguments that it is rational for consumers to form consideration sets (Hauser, 2014). ...

Retail Influence on Evoked Set Formation and Final Choice of Shopping Goods
  • Citing Article
  • November 1994

International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management

... Indeed, with the emergence of omnichannel and experiential consumption, the effectiveness of store atmospheres has been increasingly scrutinized and acknowledged (Hagberg et al. 2017). These atmospheres have become powerful marketing and organizational tools, capable of influencing both consumers and employees (Bitner 1992;Kotler 1973) and determining the success or failure of a business in today's competitive environment (Turley and Chebat 2002). ...

Linking Retail Strategy, Atmospheric Design and Shopping Behaviour
  • Citing Article
  • February 2002

... The demonstration of the mediating role of satisfaction thus provides valuable insights into the psychological processes at work in the relationship between perceived atmosphere and observed behaviors. On a theoretical level, this approach allows for an extension of the application of the S-O-R (Stimulus-Organism-Response) model and sensory marketing models (Daucé and Rieunier 2002;Turley and Milliman 2000;Krishan 2012) by simultaneously integrating a variety of atmospheric factors and dependent variables that are both transactional and relational, short term and long term. ...

Atmospheric Effects on Shopping Behavior
  • Citing Article
  • August 2000

Journal of Business Research

... For an overview, see Arora et al. [91]. Categories have been based on semantic, invented, and ex-pressive names or combinations thereof [40,92,93]; adjectives, nouns, or verbs [94]; the generic, descriptive, suggestive, arbitrary, and coined hierarchy of names used in trademark law [95]; sound symbolism [61,65,68,91,92,96,97]; descriptive, person-based, associative, geographic, and alpha-numeric names [98]; and, linguistics other than sound symbolism [31,91]. Two product name classification methods were discussed and subsequently modified in this study to have two frameworks for analyzing the apple names collected during the auditing phase. ...

Brand Name Strategies in the Service Sector
  • Citing Article
  • October 1995

Journal of Consumer Marketing