L. Valdés's research while affiliated with Instituto Español de Oceanografia and other places

... This knowledge gap is based on the difficulties encountered in compiling different time series and the problems raised can be summarized in: (1) differences in sampling methodology; (2) differences in the type of available data (e.g., presence-absence, biomass, or abundance); (3) differences in data storage (i.e., file format); (4) the lack of standardization in numerical methods for data analysis, increasing the heterogeneity of statistical approaches between different time series; and (5) differences in taxonomic hierarchy achieved by each data series (e.g., family, genus, or species). Since then, very few attempts to systematically compare diversity estimates with such time series have been made (e.g., Bode et al., 2012;Long et al., 2021;Pata et al., 2022;Valdés et al., 2022), let alone associating zooplankton diversity changes with climate change and variability (e.g., Bode et al., 2012;Long et al., 2021). Here, we compiled such studies focusing on measures of diversity and reviewed the major findings, uses and limitations of the long-term marine zooplankton data in response to climate change and variability. ...

... REPHY, the time series from the French national phytoplankton monitoring network). 84 The time series from the IEO-CSIC monthly sampling Radiales, which the Oceanographic Center of A Coruña, in the Galician North coast, started in 1989, 85 shows that Mesodinium is regularly recorded in shelf waters off A Coruña in moderate concentrations (up to 8000 cells L −1 ) well below the typical red tide values for this species (Table 1). Likely, cell numbers would be much higher at coastal sites and, particularly, inside the rías. ...

... Human intervention and global warming are two sources of variability whose long-term impact on the ecosystem is not known, and add a high degree of uncertainty to the proper management of marine resources and uses of coastal areas. The diagram in Fig. 9 is based on a matrix of structural differences between systems complexity of elements vs. complexity of interactions as formulated in economic theory by Ulrich and Probst (1988) and adapted to marine ecology by Valdés et al (2021), and shows very visually the transition from the different management stages (from single species management to a multi-species management and to the Ecosystem Based Management (EBM) approach and ultimately the Marine Spatial Planning (MSP). The development of a more coherent and comprehensive understanding of how these processes interact with physics and biology of marine ecosystems is a major challenge for coming years which can only be satisfactorily dealt with if collections of data with a suitable temporal perspective are obtained now. ...

... A higher CTI represented a greater dominance of warmer species in the community, driven either by an increase in their percent cover or a decrease in the percent cover of colder affinity species (McLean et al., 2021). The southern Bay of Biscay has been warming since the early 80s (Anadón et al., 2009;Chust et al., 2022;Costoya et al., 2015;Fernández, 2011;Voerman et al., 2013). Colder affinity species, such as Gelidium corneum may be subjected to more significant stress, unlike warmer affinity species, such as ceramiaceous or coralline species, which may trigger the phase shift. ...

... Among the copepods, the Clauso-Paracalanidae group was the most abundant, followed, in decreasing order, by the genus Centropages, unidentified Calanoida, the families Oncaeidae and Corycaeidae, the species Euterpina acutifrons and the genera Temora and Oithona. These copepod groups have also been reported by other authors as important prey on the Spanish Atlantic coast [48], on the Portuguese coast [49], in the northwestern Mediterranean [6, 15,19], in the northern Aegean [17], in the eastern Aegean [21] and in the central Adriatic [23,26]. ...

... Several studies have investigated whether these organisms could be used in the assessment of environmental quality status [4,5] and therefore be considered as indicators of ecosystem changes [6][7][8], organisms or group of organisms (populations, communities) which through a biochemical, physiological or ecological response allow to evaluate an alteration in the quality of the environment [9]. ...

... Information on secondary production in the Bay of Biscay is scarce (e.g. Ló Jamar et al., 1991; Poulet et al., 1996). Ruiz and Motos (2000) suggested that the zooplankton of the region is generally food limited and therefore that growth and egg production are never optimal. ...

... The Southern Bay of Biscay offers an excellent opportunity to investigate changes in macroalgal community structure resulting from rising temperatures. First, the region has a strong thermal gradient, with a colder western part influenced by upwelling conditions during the summer and a warmer eastern part (Lavín et al., 2006). Second, the Cantabrian Sea that borders the northern coast of the Iberian Peninsula has warmed by 0.22 • C per decade since the 1970s (Chust et al., 2022;deCastro et al., 2009), exceeding the global trend of 0.15 • C per decade (Rhein et al., 2013). ...

... This was, however, stronger related to decadal trends on diversity than to climate indices such as the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the Gulf Stream index. Nogueira et al. (2012) also suggest that temperature alone cannot explain copepod species richness at least for the Northeast Atlantic, and physical processes (e.g., slope current and upwelling), in addition to a possible bottom-up control caused by changes in phytoplankton, need to be jointly considered. Also at a high latitude, but in the southeastern Bering Sea Shelf, both small and large copepods were negatively correlated with temperature. ...

... Hydrographic fronts, perpendicular to the coast, were located following the method proposed by Gonzalez-Nuevo et al. (2007). This method is based on the automatic detection of the change of the subsurface hydrographic properties (temperature and salinity) along the continental shelf, as represented by the variable 'spiciness' (Flament 2002), which has higher values for hot and salty ('spicy') water and is a useful indicator of water masses. ...