L. V. Zadorozhnaya’s research while affiliated with Lomonosov Moscow State University and other places

In the present study, we identified the factors affected central obesity prevalence in the adult Altains, Russians and Tuvans permanently residing in the Altai and the Tuva Republics. The data was collected in 2018–2020. The examination program included anthropometrical examination and the genetic testing of females and males, aged 18–35 years. Anthropometrical examination was carried out in accordance with the guidelines accepted in the Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology. Body composition was analyzed by bioelectrical impedance analyzer. The SNPs rs1800592 UCP1, rs660339 UCP2 and rs1800849 UCP3 were assessed. The prevalence analyses of underweight, overweight and general obesity in the groups of female and males were conducted. The anthropometric indices were used to estimate the prevalence of central obesity. General obesity occurred more often in the group of Altai people, whereas in the Tuva people the central obesity is more pronounced. The Altai and Tuva people are alike in the total body measurements, whereas Russians were significantly higher. All studied groups demonstrated the sexual dimorphism of the body composition and waist to hip ratio. No significant differences in waist to height ratio between males and females were identified in the studied groups. No association between genetic variants and the obesity-related traits, which reflect the body fat and its distribution, was revealed. All factors included in the model are able to predict 8 % of the variability of the central obesity-related traits. Ethnic background contributes the most to the variability of the central obesity index.

A comparative study of the calipers GPM (DKSH, Switzerland), Holtain (Holtain Ltd, Great Britain), the caliper designed by V.E. Deryabin, and the sliding caliper GPM (Martin type) was carried out by the four measurers. The study was conducted using a metal caliper checking gauge GPM, a ‘sandwiches’ of soft silicone rubber kSil™ GP250 (Silicon Engineering, UK), as well as by measurements of subscapular, triceps, suprailiac, and calf skinfolds utilized in the Heath-Carter somatotype assessment scheme, in 20 adult volunteers (10 women and 10 men). Results and discussion. When measuring the caliper checking gauge, the V.E. Deryabin’s and the sliding caliper were accurate, the caliper GPM slightly underestimated (by 0.2 mm), and the caliper Holtain overestimated the exact values (by 0.4-0.6 mm). When measuring ‘sandwiches’ of silicone rubber, the GPM and Holtain calipers showed small but statistically significant differences between measurers (up to 1.4 mm), and for the V.E. Deryabin’s caliper, these differences were more pronounced (up to 5 mm). With a sufficiently high reproducibility of skinfold data, the mean values of their total thickness for the GPM and Holtain calipers differed significantly, and for the V.E. Deryabin and GPM calipers, there were no significant differences. The measurement data using the sliding caliper were consistent with those for the Holtain caliper but showed the largest variation of data between measurers: the maximal difference of the total skinfold thickness averages was 5.2 mm and 7.1 mm in the female and male subgroups, respectively, or 10-14% of the total averages. Conclusion. The results obtained support the need for mutual comparison of skinfold calipers and control of technical measurement errors to ensure data comparability. Cross-calibration of skinfold calipers is a necessary procedure that should precede the anthropometric study. When measured by an experienced anthropologist, the technical error of measuring skinfolds with a sliding caliper can be reduced, but this instrument is not recommended for training and subsequent use for skinfold measurements due to the high risk of obtaining inconsistent data.

The aim of the study was to analyze the association of a complex of anthropogenetic and environmental factors with the subcutaneous and visceral fat indices measured by local configurations of bioimpedance analysis in ethnic Altaians. This study involved 110 relatively healthy men (62) and women (48), representatives of the indigenous peoples of Altai, aged from 17 to 35 years. The study program included anthropometric examination, determination of body composition using bioimpedance (ABC-02 Medass analyzer), measurement of local impedances in the abdominal region, and identification of genotypes by polymorphic systems of uncoupling protein genes UCP1–3. Sexual dimorphism was shown for most of the studied morphological and functional traits. Subcutaneous and visceral fat indices were found to be highly correlated with the index of central obesity and body fat percentage. Endogenous traits, sex, age, and the number of “thrifty” alleles of the genes of uncoupling proteins 1–3 did not have a significant effect on the subcutaneous and visceral fat indices in the examined group of young people (17–35 years old). Informative feature selection using random forests and the Boruta algorithm revealed that the leading predictors associated with abdominal topography of fat deposition in the examined group are WHtR (Waist-to-height ratio) and BFP (body fat percentage).

BACKGROUND: Adiposity development and its complications are determined by lifestyle, genetic mechanisms and their interactions. Among the obesity-related genes, polymorphisms in the fat mass and obesity associated (FTO) gene are strongly associated with body fat estimates in different populations. AIMS: to examine the association between the FTO polymorphism (T/A, rs9939609) and fat accumulation in adult russian males. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study engaged 205 participants; the age ranged from 17 to 52 years. Samples of buccal smears were collected and genomic DNA was isolated for T/A polymorphism genotyping. Anthropometric measurements were conducted with caliperometry and body composition was estimated by bioimpedance analysis. RESULTS: Genotype frequencies in the whole studied sample were as follows FTO*TT 14%, FTO*AT 52,6%, FTO*AA 33,4% (2HW = 1,65 p=0,193). The minor A allele was significantly associated with increased fat accumulation and abdominal adiposity. CONCLUSIONS: Among different lifestyle modifications regular and consistent programmes of exercise are most efficient strategy to reduce abdominal fat deposits significantly, independent of FTO genotype.

Презентация, основанная на материалах первого российского экспериментального сравнительного исследования различных типов калиперов (устройств для измерения кожно-жировых складок) отечественного и зарубежного производства.

Калиперометрия, или измерение толщины кожно-жировых складок на определённых участках тела, традици-онно используется в биологической и медицинской антропологии для характеристики подкожного жироотложения, оценки типа телосложения, состава тела и нутритивного статуса. Результаты калиперометрии зависят не только от техники измерений, но и от типа калипера. Разнообразие типов калиперов и межгрупповые различия результатов измерений затрудняют возможность обобщения и сопоставления данных популяционных выборочных исследований. Цель исследования – характеристика точности и воспроизводимости результатов измерений кожно-жировых складок при применении различных типов калиперов. С участием пяти измерителей выполнено сравнительное экспериментальное исследование 11 калиперов пяти типов: Вереск (ООО «Вереск», Красноярск), КЭЦ-100 (ОАО «ТВЕС», Тулиновский приборостроительный за-вод, Тамбовская обл.), FatTrack II (Accu-Measure, США), GPM (DKSH, Швейцария) и Lange (Beta Technology; Cambridge Scientific Industries, США). Исследование проводилось в три этапа: с использованием металличе-ского калибровочного блока GPM, «сэндвичей» из мягкой силиконовой резины kSil™GP250 (Silicone Engineering, Великобритания) и на основе измерений четырёх жировых складок (над трицепсом, под лопаткой, над гребнем подвздошной кости и на голени), используемых в схеме соматотипирования по Хит-Картеру, у 11 взрослых добровольцев. При измерениях калибровочного блока и «сэндвичей» из силиконовой резины металлическими калиперами (Вереск, GPM, Lange) выборочные стандартные отклонения и коэффициенты вариации были, в среднем, втрое меньше, чем при измерениях пластиковыми калиперами (КЭЦ-100, FatTrack II). В сравнении с калипером GPM, калиперы Вереск, КЭЦ-100 и Lange статистически значимо завышали толщину «сэндвичей» и суммарную толщину указанных четырёх жировых складок, а калипер FatTrack II давал сопоставимые результаты (значимые различия отсутствовали). В целом, проведённое исследование выявило преимущества использования традиционно рекомендуемых типов калиперов. Из пяти рассмотренных типов калиперов лучшие показатели имел калипер GPM (итоговая субъективная экспертная оценка 8,9 баллов из 10). Калипер Lange при сравнительно высокой воспроизводимости результатов завышал толщину складки (итоговая оценка 7,0 баллов). Пластиковый калипер FatTrack II был сравним по точности с GPM на фоне сниженной воспроизводимости результатов (итоговая оценка 6,2 балла). При сравнительно высокой повторяемости результатов, калипер Вереск отличался низким качеством статической и динамической калибровки (итоговая оценка 5,8 баллов). Худшими показателями (максимальная суммарная техническая ошибка, минимальный коэффициент надёжности измерений, низкое качество калибровки) отличался калипер КЭЦ-100 (итоговая оценка 2,1 балла), что ставит под серьёзное сомнение целесообразность его применения в центрах здоровья в рамках профилактического скрининга населения России, и в целом – в научной и практической работе. Для обеспечения возможности сравнения с результатами других исследований описание данных калиперометрии должно включать: - информацию о типе калипера и его соответствии требованиям стандартизации измерений (металличе-ский/пластиковый; площадь контактных участков; характеристика давления, оказываемого на складку; дискретность измерений и др.); - сведения о результатах сравнения использованного типа калипера с эталонным оборудованием; - информацию о статической и динамической калибровке калипера; - данные об уровне подготовки специалистов, производящих измерения, расчётные значения технических ошибок измерений и коэффициентов надёжности. Ключевые слова: антропометрия, кожно-жировые складки, калиперометрия, измерительное оборудование, сравнение, точность, воспроизводимость, техническая ошибка измерений, коэффициент надёжности

Two th ousand children and adolescents of both sexes aged 7-17 were studied in 2009-2010 in Arkhangelsk and several villages of the Arkhangelsk Region. Results were compared with data, collected by the same authors in the same area in 1988-1989, on 1500 children of the same age. The program included some 50 metric and descriptive characteristics, estimates of biological age, and somatotyping. We collected data on parental education and occupation, number of children per family, etc. Lengths of body segments and extremities, body mass index (BMI), and certai n other indexes were calculated. Statistical analysis included standardization of data and one-way ANOVA. Urban children were shown to be slightly taller than their rural peers but did not differ from them in weight, chest circumference, or BMI. Modern children, both urban and rural, showed greater stature, weight, and chest circumference as compared to those measured in 1988. Signifi cant changes in body proportions were found in modern children: they had a longer torso, narrower shoulders, and a larger pelvic breadth. Also, a signifi cant increase in limb circumferences and subcutaneous fat was found. Modern urban and rural children were closer to each other in most physical characteristics than were their peers of the previous generation. The results can be interpreted in terms of the ongoing secular trend in population of the Arkhangelsk Region.